손수범SooBeomSon

DOI:

Abstract

The purposes of this study is to discover how Korean professional sports have been changed as economy has growth during from 1960’s up to now. The results of this study were as follows : The first, according to the rapid economic growth of Korea for decades, peoples have improved their standard of living life and increased their leisure hours, and accordingly the professional sports have developed with these social situations. The second, professional sports have become widely popular and professional sports events have increased with the economic growth. Professional sports was 10 items in 1999. Furthermore in 1982 professional sports teams and players were 8 and 1,655 respectively, in 2002 the numbers were 37 and 6,154. The third, pro-sports game spectators have continually increased since 1960. Professional baseball and soccer spectators were 3,095,077 in 1983. Then in 2000`s pro-sports spectators were over 6millions. The fourth, the amount of consumption for sports activities increased according to the growth of national incomes. The percentage of consumption for leisure activities with income increase was from 1.8% in 1978 to 5.3% in 2000 and the amount of consumption for sports activities was from 52,536 Won in 1989 to 325,200 Won in 2002. The fifth, in Korea pro-sports grew and became sluggish as to economic conditioa In 1998, which Korea has a difficult in economic growth under IMF Crisis , the number of professional baseball decreased, Korean folk ssirum teams disorganized because of the financial difficulties. Korea pro-sports have rapidly grown with the increasement of national income and leisure time, the improvement of the national economy and pro-sports have become more various. Therefore Korea pro-sports have become popular with economic growth, and was regarded as a welfare policy.

Key Words

economic growth, sports for all, leisure time

하남길NamGilHa , 정의진UiJinJeong

DOI:

Abstract

There are a variety of reasons as to why a specialized culture is diffused into the general public. This article explores the background in which the development of American physical education took place. More specifically, it has as its main focus the shift of consciousness of the general population in United States. That is, to discover the decisive theory and scholarly thinking behind the development of physical education. The findings are as follows; Firstly, in the 19th century, considering the history of American sports from the point of a shift in human consciousness, biological thought was the first and foremost reason behind the development of sports. The first appearance of physical education in American schools was in the 1820s. However, it was short lived. It was, in fact in the 1930s that the public began to take a more active interest in healthy living and physical education became an integral part of schooling. The word `physical education` originated from this era. Therefore it would be pertinent to theorize that the background from which physical education developed was a society that took an interest in healthy living. However, the decisive factor that linked the interest in healthy living to the development of physical education was the general public s belief that exercising had positive physiological effects. In addition, those who dedicated their careers into making physical education a national curriculum in schools, in the 19th century and the early 20th century, were mostly MDs. Thus it can be concluded that biological thought was a decisive influence in the development of sports. Secondly, after analyzing American sports history from the point of view of a shift in consciousness, from the 1890s to the 1920s, a catalyst in the development of physical education was the theory of play`. Up until the 1890s, the physical education programs in American secondary schools were merely voluntary activities for students and the sports incorporated into the national curriculum physical fitness, gymnastic and physical training. However, after the theory of play entered the scene, it was noted that through sporting activities, youths could be transformed psychologically, socially and morally. As a result, the sports movement began to take shape in the United States. From this point of view the author notes that the theory of play from the psychological field served a pivotal role in speeding the development of American physical education.

Key Words

biological thought, theory of play, playground movement, YMCA, New Physical Education

하웅용WoongYongHa

DOI:

Abstract

From the Etruscan custom, the Romans adopted the gladiatorial game, also known as funeral games, in which deceased leaders were extolled by the deaths of gladiators during the game. Roman Holidays were celebrated by dramatic performances in the theater, chariot races in the circus, gladiatorial games, with all Rome applauding on the benches. It should never be forgotten that such exhibitions were the most important means of purchasing loyalty and popularity. "Panem et circenses" (bread and circuses) the Roman populace demanded and received. The people were so hardened to bloodshed that their favorite holiday amusement was to watch hundreds of gladiators killing each other, or fighting panther and lions. The gladiatorial game gradually came to an end by the 5th century because Christianity became the state religion. From Christian perspective, the gladiatorial game was not only the violence and sadism, but also the idolatry of the game. The emperor in the Colosseum was divine was, of course, the ultimate blasphemy and the worst of idolatries. In conclusion, the gladiatorial game should interpret various stand points. The gladiatorial game was not only a tool of populism, but also a Noblesse Oblige", and the colosseum was the place people could had spoken out their political intention.

Key Words

gladiatorial game, Roman sport, social history

황옥철OkChulHwang , 안승진SeungJinAn

DOI:

Abstract

This study focused on the political, economical, social, educational, and cultural factors related to the evolution course of Korean bodybuilding by connecting periodization of the general history with peculiarity of Korean bodybuilding evolution and dividing the evolution into the four steps-introduction, adaptation, development, and settlement. The study is designed to collectively analyze and examine the evolution of Korean bodybuilding. The first step of introduction began before independence. The Korean bodybuilding began with the weight lifting by Mr. Seo, Sang-Cheon with the pen name of Munkok in 1925. At that time, people showed the beauty of their body as an exercise but it was not common. The second step of adaptation was from the independent year of 1945 to 1969. At that time, the first national bodybuilding competition was held in Seoul City Hall in 1949 with the official name of the 1st Mr. Korea Contest, where player Jo, Sun-Dong won the first place. In 1968, the Korean bodybuilding officially joined IFBB, ready for the era of internationalization. The third step of development was from the 1970s to the 1980s, when the Korean government showed lots of changes and attention. At that time, the Korean bodybuilding officially joined ABBF, going toward internationalization. At last, in the 18th Asian Bodybuilding Championship of 1982, player Park, Young-Chul won the first place in lightweight for the first time. In addition, the Korean bodybuilding was separated from the established Weight lifting Federation and created Association of Korean Bodybuilding in June, 1987. The association was formally accepted by the Korea Amateur Sports Association in February, 1988. The forth step of settlement went through many difficulties and settled down as a complete sport for all and life time sport for the public. In 1991, bodybuilding was selected as an official game in National Sports Meet and held every year. Especially, in the 2002 Busan Asian Games, the bodybuilding game as an official sport was held in Busan Citizen Hall and successfully finished with 3 gold medals and 2 bronze medals. Due to bodybuilding, Korea won the first place in general. Still, the Korean bodybuilding is limited to an amateur sport However the sport could become an official game in the Olympics as well as a professional sport in no time. Consequently, the Korean bodybuilding should be prepared for the future and continue to develop, which can make bodybuilding become a milestone in the history of Korean physical education.

Key Words

bodybuilding, Korean bodybuilding

황옥철OkChulHwang , 장유현YuHyunJang

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to analyzed athletics` change in Korea which concentrates on jumping events out of field events, and is to provide a fundamental data for developing track and field. The documentary survey is used by research method, the analyzed results are as follows. The phase of the first and second republic periods are in turning point and transition period from a colony, placed more emphasis on reconstruction Korea than all the education including physical education We had another transition condition, Korean war, little understanding of the physical education leaded to be little significance on the events, however, athletics was remained in existence by inter-city and inter province nation wide athletic meet which can be displayed racial reserved strength. In the third & fourth republic periods when the characteristics of ruler was almost exactly match with events`, it is thought that physical education with Korean characteristics showed specialty from that times or In the periods of the fifth & sixth republic, international athletics events such as Olympics and Asian Games were held and the events, a foot in the door to be a sport world power as the events provide all the citizens with multilateral sports cultures, special technology came to be introduced by concentrating on the elite education. In the periods of the seventh & eighth republic, it is thought sports culture tended to develop lopsided. Supposed the records in track and field events is considered as standards of development, it might be regressed. Reviewing these factors, multilateral analysis for sports culture not only emphasis on the role of coaches according to times seems to make better sports culture to improve athletics in Korea.

Key Words

athletic, track & field

장성수SeongSooChang

DOI:

Abstract

Following conclusions were obtained through the process of literature-consideration on anti-aesthetic phenomena, focusing on sport-aesthetics The concept of aesthetics began to make a subject of discussion in BC 400 years ago, and it was modernly conceptualized by Mr. Baumgarten in 18 C In the process of consideration on the category of beauty, it is realized that the beauty is not only visual sensation but also non visual things. For that reason, the beauty could be sought from intrinsic, emotional and sensitive domain etc. In the basis of sport aesthetics, it is focused on the motor performances reversing to the existing concept of `beauty` To go on study of sport aesthetics, the following terms were used; `the pure-`, `the dislocated`, and `anti-aesthetic phenomenon` hypothetically. This study investigated these cases that are related to an ugly-beauty through `anti-aesthetic phenomena` in the last chapter. Meantime, the necessity of an effort is presented to substitute beautifully on the ugly-beauty. In this way, if we tried to approach these anti-aesthetic phenomena from the aesthetic point of view, we could discover these aesthetic essence-element that has more strong intensity and deep density than any other. Therefore, in the sport-aesthetics, it is necessary to prepare these theoretical bases of aesthetics to provide an aesthetic judgement on not only the visual angle-beauty but also the intrinsic, emotional and sensitive domains etc. After all, the important aesthetic factors in sport events must have a subjective insight through the process of imagination and the extension of conjecture with the accurate aesthetic judgement, so that the sport- aesthetics can be crystallized in a sound way and in addition when it is approached to mental psychological, emotional and other realm aesthetically, more sound and profound sport-aesthetic realm than now can be crystallized.

Key Words

anti-aesthetic phenomena

강효민HyoMinKang

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to identify the relationship between attitude to consumer dissatisfaction and perceived equity, result of complaint behavior in commercial sports center. From questionnaire data on convenience sample of participant(N=810). The finding from the reduced descriptive analysis, correlation analysis, analysis of variance and multiple regression analysis suggest that the correlates of the relative relationship between attitude to consumer dissatisfaction and perceived equity, result of complaint behavior in commercial sports center. Results indicated that the meaning significant found the attitude to consumer dissatisfaction and perceived equity, result of complaint behavior in commercial sports center. For the perceived equity and result of complaint behavior are partially different by the socio-demographic characteristics of commercial sports center users. For the attitude to consumer dissatisfaction is partially influence on perceived equity. And also result of complaint behavior and is perceived equity partially influence on result of complaint behavior.

Key Words

complaining behavior attitude to consumer dissatisfaction, perceived equity

김경식KyongSikKim , 오정수JeongSooOh

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of relationship quality on the commitment and adherence of participation at the commercial sports. Specifically, This study was to test 1) the effect of the satisfaction according to social relation and the reliability as social capitals on the commitment, 2) the effect of the satisfaction according to social relation and the reliability as social capitals on the adherence of participation, 3) the effect of relationship quality on the commitment and adherence of participation at the commercial centers. To attain the goal of the study described above paragraphs, some members of commercial sports center held in Seoul were set as a collected group. Then, using the stratified cluster random sampling method, finally drew out and analyzed 713 members in total The instrument was the brochure named 〈the survey on the relationship quality and the adherence of participation at the commercial sports centers〉. The result of reliability check up was here below; Chronbach` a=.70. To analyze materials, reliability analysis, t-test and oneway ANOVA, multiple regression analysis were used as statistic analysis techniques. The conclusion based on above study method and the result of material analysis are here below. First, the satisfaction according to social relation and the reliability as social capitals influences on the commitment. Second, the satisfaction according to social relation and the reliability as social capitals influences on the adherence of participation. Third, the relationship quality influences on the commiment and adherence of participation The commitment is an important variable connecting the relationship quality and adherence of participation.

Key Words

satisfaction, reliability, relationship quality, commitment, adherence of participation

김민섭MinSupKim

DOI:

Abstract

This study was to examine the effect of sports` activities on children`s prosocial behavior after school. Namely, this study was to analyze and compare the difference between pre-test and post-test in prosocial behavior such as the ability to control emotion, the ability to form the personal relationship, and the ability to adjust to school. To attain the goal of the study described above paragraphs, the children dwelling in Seoul, 2004 year were set as a collected group. Then, using random sampling method, finally drew out and analyzed 38 peoples in total; 18 experimented group and 20 controlled group. sports` activities was continued during 10 weeks. The material collection device was the brochure named 〈the survey on children`s prosocial behaviors〉. The result of reliability check up was here below; Chronbach` α=.80. To analyze materials, Mean Compared, ANCOVA were used as statistic analysis techniques. The conclusion based on above study method and the result of material analysis are here below. First, the ability to control emotion was enhanced in experimented group. Second, the ability to form the personal relationship. Third, the ability to adjust to school was enhanced in experimented group.

Key Words

Sports` activities, prosocial behavior

김방출BangChoolKim , 권순용SunYongKwon

DOI:

Abstract

Key Words

sociological note, contemporary culture, health, fitness, exercise

김영갑YoungKabKim

DOI:

Abstract

This study is based on introspective criticism and skepticism such as "Who, when, and how was the results in change of cheering culture produced during the 2002 World Cup co-hosted by Korea and Japan? And despite the fact that sports in Korean society has come into power in general, what is the reason for immature valuation?". Therefore, this study regards the Red Devils as the main body of Korean Soccer cheering culture amplified through the 2002 World Cup co-hosted by Korea and Japan, and focuses the source of their actions from social movement perspective. It can be confirmed that the development of the Red Devils started from a preliminary stage in 1983 when the professional soccer started; popular stage before and after the 1998 France World Cup; formal stage during 2002 World Cup co-hosted by Korea and Japan; institutional stage progressing after the 2002 Red Devil massive argument and has become a continuous social movement. Through this progress, the Red Devils can be considered as a part of a social movement based on the fact that the Red Devils lead the creation and distribution of the new cheering culture from an individual dimension to a social dimension. In other words, the fact that the Red Devils created a new soccer cheering culture through agony, reflection, and introspection of Korean Soccer cheering culture, and that this progress was a part of identity development to get the cheering culture stabilized supports this study. The prospering changes in soccer cheering culture achieved by the Red Devils provides proper foundations to include the Red Devils development a part of social movement.

Key Words

red devils, social movement, collective behavior

김인형InHyungKim

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to provide a valuable data in order to establish marketing strategies for efficient management through analysis of the relationship between the satisfaction on the services, intention to reuse and recommendation of customers in golf training facilities. The survey was conducted with 359 participants of the golf training facilities in B city. The appropriateness of the process model was examined and the relatively influencing power of the variables were presumed through the covariance structure analysis of the process, using LISREL 8.30, based on the collected materials. The result of the analyses is as follows. 1) The satisfaction of human and promotion service factors had direct influences on the intention to reuse. However, the satisfaction of material service factors had no influence on the intention to reuse. 2) The satisfaction of human service factors had an indirect influence on the Intention to recommendation through the intention to reuse. Also, the satisfaction of promotion service factors had an indirect influence on the intention to recommendation through the intention to reuse as well as a direct influence. However, the satisfaction of material service factors had no influence on the intention to recommendation 3) The intention to be reused by the customers had a direct influence on the intention to recommendation.

Key Words

golf training facilities, service satisfaction, reuse, recommendation

유병인ByungInYou , 박철홍ChulHongPark

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to understand peculiar experience which was involved in daily experience of college athletes. Also, The purpose of this study deeply understand and examined both external winning features which was showed through daily experience, training experience, event experience and winning meaning which was showed through internal figure. Research participants were composed of our athletes of D University through criterion-based selection. Data was collected using focus group interview, in-depth interview, life history method. Data analysis was analyzed through three stages such as transcription, coding and categorization through reflective search process. Also, this study elevated validity and reliability to use reliability criterion suggested by Lincoln & Guba(1985). As a results of this study, winning meaning which athletes have was classified as two categories; daily and training experience, competition experience.

Key Words

college athletes, training experience, competition experience

윤영길YoungKilYun , 이성철SungChulLee

DOI:

Abstract

There are many problems related with coach, referee, and technical staffs in Korean Football-society. We should find a way to solve these problems. It is expected that Football Graduate University will have synergy effect through agreement in views and harmony in football-society. To found Football Graduate University, acts associated with education and with the national capital development. Through founding Football Graduate University, the professionalism of personnels in football-society will be enhanced. In addition, image of Korean football by performance enhancement will be improved. The foundation of Football Graduate University will contribute on community sport, cultural, and economic development Furthermore, Football Graduate University need to be founded near to National Football Center(NFC) so that NFC infrastructure can be utilized. In Football Graduate University need to offer performance enhancement course for players and courses of professional personnel development such as football coaching major, referee major, football industry major. Football Graduate University foundation will contribute Korea to become a hub of east Asia football.

Key Words

Football, Football Graduate University, NFC, National Football Center, Performance

임우택WooTaekLim , 오혜순HyeSoonOh

DOI:

Abstract

The Purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between gender-role identity and body-attractive in women dancer. For this purpose, gender-role identity was established as the independent variable of this study, which was divided into types of dance participation Data were collected by employing a questionnaire which were based on Jung Jin- kyoung(1990)`s KSBI, gender role identity. Body-attractive perception was established as the dependent variable of this study used a questionnaire which were developed by Yang Kye-Min(1993). The questionnaire consisted of three main section: ① socio-democratic characteristics, ② gender-role identity, ③ body attractive perception. According to research questions there are descriptive statistics analysis, one-way ANOVA, multiple regression analysis in material analyses used. Conclusions from this study method and procedure are as follows. First, there are partially different according to types of dance participation. That is, feminity is dance participation higher than no participation Second, gender-role identity is partially influence on body attractive stress. That is, feminity is the more higher, androgyny and neurality are the more lower, body attractive stress is high. Third, gender-role identity is partially influence on body attractive perception That is, feminity androgyny and neurality are the more lower, body attractive perception is high. Fourth, gender-role identity is partially influence on body attractive importance. That is, feminity and androgyny are the more higher and neurality is the more lower, body attractive importance is high.

Key Words

Gender-role, Identity, Body-Attractive

정영린YoungLinChung

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to analyze and examine the relationship between leadership behavior and organizational culture, organizational commitment in sports team More specifically, this study was to investigate the influence of leadership behavior on rational culture, developmental culture, consensual culture, and hierarchical culture of organizational culture, and loyalty, voluntary factors, and value-acceptance of organizational commitment. Subjects of this study were sampled 322 male athletes of football, volleyball, basketball, and baseball teams belong to universities in Seoul, Incheon, and Kyungki-do using the stratified cluster random sampling method. The data collected questionnaire designed for this study were consisted of responses to items constructed to represent each variable. The methods of statistics used to analyze the collected data were correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis. Based on the procedures and results of the study, the following conclusions were warranted : First, leadership behavior has effect on organizational culture. That is to say, training and instructing behavior increases the degree of rational culture, developmental culture, and consensual culture. Democratic behavior increases the degree of developmental culture, and social support behavior increases the degree of consensual culture. Autocratic behavior increases the degree of hierarchical culture but decreases the degree of consensual culture. Second, leadership behavior has effect on organizational commitment. That is to say, training and instructing behavior increases the degree of loyalty, voluntary factors, and value-acceptance and social support behavior increases the degree of voluntary factors and value-acceptance. Also positive feedback behavior increases the degree of loyalty and value-acceptance.

Key Words

leadership behavior, Organizational culture, organizational commitment

김석일SeokIlKim

DOI:

Abstract

This study examined psychological well-being profile of Korean adults who participated in various leisure sports, as functions of sex, age, and exercise duration. A total of 1,177 participants (male=568; female; 609) age-ranged from 20yrs to 40 yrs completed the Korean version of the Psychological Weil-Being Scale. Structural validation of this questionnaire was tested by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. With MANOVA on sex, age and exercise duration in terms of psychological well-being, it showed that `sex` has to do with positive relations, and autonomy `age` with personal growth, and `exercise duration` with personal growth and self-acceptance. With follow-up procedures ANOVA, female is more interested in positive relations with other than male , while male has more in autonomy. The people of 20yrs have more awareness of personal growth than the people of 30yrs and 40yrs. With self-acceptance, the long-term group have higher awareness than the short-term group. The highest figure of personal growth is on the short-term group. These results were discussed with theoretical, conceptual, and methodological perspectives of psychological well-being, and future study was suggested.

Key Words

leisure sports, psychological well-being

김선진SeonJinKim , 김용호YongHoKim , 한동욱DongWookHan

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to understand the changes of coordination and the form of development in kicking and throwing for different age groups and genders. To investigate these, researcher examined the distance of the kicked and thrown ball and coordination characteristic of throwing skill and kicking skill on age and gender. In the analytic result of the distance of the kicked and thrown ball on age and gender, children performed superior abilities of throwing and kicking with the increase of age. And on gender, the results of ball distance showed that the distance increased with the increase of age for both male and female but with the increase of age, the difference of the distance between genders grew bigger. In the analysis of coordinative pattern changes, the turning force of shoulders and hips and the moving center of gravity and wind-up in throwing skill and the last step ahead the kick and the location of the supporting foot in kicking skill were important variables representing coordination pattern changes. In the development of object-control skills, these results show the feature of sensitive period on age and gender. Also on the point of utilization of degree of freedom suggested by Bernstein(1967), it showed that proper coordination pattern were changed in throwing and kicking task. Some variables of the TGMD-2 will not directly apply to explanation of motor development for the Korean boys and girls.

Key Words

TGMD-2, motor coordination pattern, object-control skills

문윤제YunJeMoon

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate imagery types and the relationship between imagery types and state sport confidence according to performance levels. The participants were 135 female archery athletes(high school·university-general team). The participants are measured the Sport Imagery Questionnaire(SIQ) and the State Sport Confidence Inventory(SSCI). Multiple regression analyses showed that in the non-elite athletes, motivation general-mastery imagery and cognitive general imagery accounted for a significant proportion of the variance in state sport confidence. Additionally, motivation general-arousal imagery predicted state sport confidence negatively. With elite athletes, motivation specific imagery was only significant predictor of variance in state sport confidence. The results are discussed in relation to the pertinence of, and function that, different imagery types have for athletes.

Key Words

imagery, state sport confidence

박승하SeungHaPark , 김선진SeonJinKim

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the skill-based differences of visual search strategy in volleyball defensive players when predicting the opposing setter`s set direction. Eight expert and eight novice players participated in this experiment. All subjects were asked to anticipate the setter`s set direction as quickly and accurately as possible, after viewing a sequence of films. These films simulated twenty-four offensive patterns similar to various real game situations. The sequences were edited from serve to setter`s initial contact moment with a ball. After responding, they were also asked to express the level of confidence on their anticipation. To measure the eye movement, an eye movement recorder (NAC EMR-8) was used. The results indicated that experts` anticipation was more accurate than novices and experts had higher level of confidence on their anticipation than novices. But there was no difference in speed of anticipation between the two groups. In both the serve-receive and receive-set period, experts exhibited longer mean fixation duration than novices, which means that experts have lower search rate, more fixations of shorter duration Lastly, experts fixated longer on the attacker`s area in the both periods, and directed less time toward ball area than novices in the receive-set period.

Key Words

visual search, anticipation, volleyball

백동기DongKiBaek

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study is the relationship between competitive state anxiety symptomatic of multidimensional notion and performance in horizontal bar record; state anxiety symptom interpretation related to performance in horizontal bar. The subjects are male national gymnasts (N=15), Each subject completed the modified CSAI-2(5 time, Just 10 minutes. before each game), which contained 18 items of symptom interpretation measuring for variable settings. Gymnast`s state anxiety was established as an independent variable and performance in Horizontal Bar record was established as a dependent variable. In order to classify the state-anxiety between performance in Horizontal Bar record data were linear from bad marks to good marks. In order to verify the difference between established competition state anxiety levels and anxiety levels in other competitions one way repeated measures ANOVA and Tukey`s HSD analysis was enforced. In order to verify if the relationship between subordinate factors of state anxiety and performance in Horizontal Bar records is a linear or nonlinear polynomial trend analysis was enforced. The conclusions are that cognitive anxiety symptomatic interpretation shows linear relationship with performance in Horizontal Bar records, which agrees with the theory of Lander and Martens(1970), that somatic anxiety symptomatic interpretation shows inverted-U relationship with performance in Horizontal Bar records, and that the percentage of cognitive anxiety symptomatic interpretation is much higher than that of somatic anxiety symptomatic interpretation(67.9% : 34.0%) and the former has a close connection with performance in Horizontal Bar records.

Key Words

Horizontal Bar, Competitive Anxiety

백원칠WeonChilBake , 김수겸SooKyumKim

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to examine the causal relationship among women`s sport participation variables, self-esteem, and subjective well-being. The theorectical model of sport participation and subjective well-being is constructed. The exogenous variables are sport participation and A/B type, social support of women. The endogenous variables are health state, self-esteem, and subjective well-being. The total of 489 women subjects were participate from KyungGi province. The results obtained from this study were as follows; 1. In the descriptive analysis, the women who are aged between 21 and 29 years old showed lower social support, health state, self-esteem and subjective well-being than the other age groups. The women who participated in jogging showed lower social support, health state, self-esteem and subjective well-being than the other exercise groups. 2. Theoretical model proposed in this study turned out to be significant because GFI, and AGFI are greater than 0.90. 3. In the path analysis(using the LISREL technique), there are significant relationships between the exogenous variables and the endogenous variables. There are also significant relationship between the endogenous and the endogenous variables.

Key Words

Sport Participation Variables, Self-Esteem, Subjective Well-being

이동현DongHyunLee

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate affective states such as hedonic enjoyment, devotion, self-confidence, and self-realization according to degree of involvement of runners participating Mass-Marathon 1000 subjects who live in Metropolitan area and aged 20 and more was selected by random cluster sampling methods, and data from 943 subjects finally adopted. Statistical methods used in this study were frequency, ANCOVA, correlation, and multiple regression analysis, and following results were obtained. Higher participation intensity, participation frequency, participation period, average distance per week bring more positive affective state, while higher distance level of participation brings negative affective state. Moreover, participation intensity affects hedonic enjoyment, devotion, self-confidence, and self-realization, participation frequency affects hedonic enjoyment self-confidence, and self-realization, participation affects self-realization, and lastly participation distance class affects hedonic enjoyment and self-realization. It is noticeable that participation intensity is proved to be the most influential factor on affective state.

Key Words

Mass-Marathon, Affective State

이성철SungChulLee , 성창훈ChangHoonSeong

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was examined the factor structure of the sport organizational personality and classified the type of organizational personality using the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator(MBTI)`s classification scheme. For this purpose, 272 employees belonged to a variety of sport organizations rated their own organizational personality using thirty-one items for Organizational Personality Type Indicator(OPTI). By a common factor analysis, four factors were extracted to measure the sport organizational personality: Extraversion-Introversion, Sensing-Intuition, Thinking-Feeling, and Judging-Perceiving. It was concluded the MBTI`s classification scheme can be used in the area of sport organizational diagnosis and development as well as the area of general organizational personality. Based on these results, follower analysis was performed whether the organizational personality types classified by the OPTI are different across the goal and function of the different sport organizations. The results of analysis indicated the sport organizational personality type was different by the unique function of the organization. These findings were discussed relating to future research directions and implications.

Key Words

exercise addiction, self-consciousness, social adjustment

이한우HanWooLee

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to verify how the self-controled external focus feedback and 100% external-focus feedback could influence on sport learning, using bowling task. The subjects of this study were consisted of 30 middle school male-students. They didn`t have any prior experience of bowling. They were randomly assigned to three experimental conditions(100% external-focus feedback, self-controled external focus feedback, and yoked group). Dependant variables of this study were bowling score and form score. Experimental design was 3(feedback)×3(game)×2(day) and 3(feedback)×2(game)×2(day) factorial design with repeated measures on last two factors at acquisition phase, and 3(frequency)×2(game) factorial design with repeated measures on last factor at retention phase. The results of this study could be summarized as follows. In the analysis of bowling and form score, (a) 100% external focus feedback group was more effective than yoked group at practice, (b) A performance of day 1 was more effective than day 2 at practice, (c) A performance of game 2 and 3 was more effective than game 1 at practice, (d) The interaction of Day×Game means that bowling performance of day 1 was more effective than day 2. (e) 100% external focus feedback group was more effective than self-controled external focus feedback and yoked group at retention test, (f) There was not significant between self-controled external focus feedback and yoked group at practice and retention test

Key Words

100% external-focus feedback, self-controlled feedback, bowling task

임태희TaeHeeLim , 양진방JinBangYang

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to explore the sources of stress and coping strategies in TaeKwonDo instruction The participants of this research were 400 TaeKwonDo instructors. An opened questionnaire was developed based on questionnaires applied in similar studies and modified with specialists consultation. The collected data were analysed by an inductive analysis. The results were as follows: The revealed sources of TaeKwonDo instructors` stress are; Teaching stress(697, 60.55%), Role stress(154, 13.37%), and Interpersonal relationship stress(300, 20.06%). In the other results in terms of coping strategies were as follows: TaeKwonDo instructors use the coping strategies such as Problem-focused coping(84.25%), Avoidance coping(7.23%), Social support coping(7.02%), and Emotion-focused coping(1.49%). In conclusion, TaeKwonDo instructors in the field experience various stress and they cope with stress mainly with the Problem-focused coping strategy. In this study these results were compared with results of previous researches and TaeKwonDo teaching experience in the field.

Key Words

taekwondo, stress, coping strategy

홍성찬SungChanHong , 정청희ChungHeeChung

DOI:

Abstract

This study was to verify and confirm the conceptual structure of group cohesion by abstracting the factors consisting of group cohesion in high school football players. Through the pilot test, We chose the open-questionnaire, collected the factors consisting of the group cohesion in high school football players from 193 football players and analyzed the results through the inductive method. Consequently, 615 group cohesion cases have been collected. Basic 117 case data of group cohesion have been collected by excluding similar or repeated resulting data. The data were classified according to 24 detail domains and 13 general territories such as support, motivation, conversation, position, environment, interaction, respect, effort, role, goal, spirit, estimation, and compensation respectively. On the basis of integral results of open-questionnaire by categorization, the 78 questions for group cohesion of high school football players have been developed and revised in two sequences. The first revision was pre-investigated to 89 students at 3 different high schools. In the second revision grasping suitability and clearness of questions through the expert meeting , We cleared 29 questions and selected the 49 questions. There were two actual investigations. Based on the exploratory factor analysis, we confirmed 12 questions in 4 factors such as goal(3 questions), effort (3 questions), support (3 questions), and motivation(3 questions) in the second actual data analysis. The values of confirmatory factor analysis showed a roughly good agreement standard. Inconclusion, conceptual structure of group cohesion of high school football players is composed of 4 general factors as follow: goal, effort, support and motivation showing agreement with the preceding studies about group cohesion. In addition, as reflecting Korean cultural characteristics, this is to say that specific traits as high school students and a sport "football" were influenced.

Key Words

group cohesion, exploratory factor analyze, structure validity, confirmatory factor analyze, football

김종환ChongHwanKim

DOI:

Abstract

The aims of this study were to identify the conceptual construct and structure of physical education attitude of Korean students. A tentative construct of attitude in physical education was identified by analyzing middle school students` statements on physical education inductively. For this aim, an open-ended question were drew up according to the perspective of attitude multi-dimension and they are divided into three domains, which are affective domain, cognitive domain, and behavior domain. The subjects chosen for this study were 346 students in the 9th grade at three type middle schools, which belonged to one of several local education authorities the jurisdiction of Incheon, Korea. The 3,806 statements were examined with care in the expert discussion in order to establish grouping of statements according to the theoretical framework of attitude. As a result, an 8-dimensional physical education attitude construct was developed by analyzing middle school students` statements on physical education. The 8-dimensional factors are 1) health and physical fitness, 2) physical activity and movement, 3) personnel relations, 4) psychological profit and spirit temper, 5) talent and ability, 6) condition and the technique for living, 7) negative emotion, 8) teaching - learning and achievement. In addition, the findings suggest that a pluralistic perspective be considered in designing curriculum, and make students` conceptions of attitudes toward physical education more sophisticated and differentiated.

Key Words

Physical education attitude, construct factor, characteristics of Korean culture

이기천KiCheonLee

DOI:

Abstract

In today, virtual reality technology is very useful for the education, and can contribute to the development of new teaching and learning methods. Many researchers and educational practitioners agree that virtual reality technology gives strong benefits that can support in many directions of educational areas. Virtual reality is defined as a computer-generated 3-D experience in which a user can navigate around, interact with, and be immersed in another world in real time, or at the speed of life. A variety of instructional materials have augmented physical education instruction, and now virtual reality is another type of instructional material that holds promise for the future of physical education. The purpose of this study is how virtual reality can be used in school physical education settings. In teaching and learning physical education, using educational program developed by virtual reality technology can increase the interests among students, promotes understanding of basic concepts of movement skills, thus help student`s ability of physical activity, and encourage creative learning. The future of virtual reality in physical education is bright.

Key Words

Virtual Reality, Web-Based Instruction, WBI, Physical Education, Sport, Computer Simulation, Information Technology

임문택MunTaikLim , 이종목JongMokLee , 최원준WonJunChoi

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate a perceptions of elementary school girls on the teaching games for understanding lessons. The informant of study were 5th grade, 2 classes students while being in the Jeongjik elementary school, and 2 physical education teachers as the participants of research. For that, the researcher collected materials by use of the group in-depth interview, a qualitative case study method, the non-participation observation, all sorts of literatures, and then analyzed the materials with an inductive category method. The results of this study can be summarized as follows; An perceptions of elementary school girls on the teaching games for understanding lessons was fallen, by its main subject, under these categories of a mild language and equal teacher, an enthusiastic teacher in teaching, a thinking physical education lessons, a pleasant physical education lessons, more and more improving ability, becoming intimate with friends, an excessive competition, and deficient time of activity. Judging from these results, the researcher thinks that if elementary school girls improve their negative perceptions on the teaching games ?? understanding lessons, this instructional model would be the one that can promote elementary school girls` physical participation in physical education lessons all the more in the future.

Key Words

perceptions, teaching games for understanding lessons, elementary school girls

김덕중DukJungKim

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this work is through the regular exercise of the old people who has a hypertension and obesity to look into the relationship between obesity and hypertension and according to the exercise type to find out the effect to body composition relation between rest HR and blood pressure, glucose, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, total cholesterol which cause the disease of coronary arteries. The objects of study are twenty old man of 58-63yr who have 25% fat rate and are above 160/95rnrnHg blood pressure who are divided two group (the abdominal breath , slow walking). The abdominal breath and slow walking are practiced for an hour in a day 4 times a week for 12 weeks. one way ANOVA through SPSS program is used as date management. Duncan mode is used as ex-post-facto analysis and a significant level is set up in p＜.05. In the change of body composition there is no significant difference of LBM(lean body mass), WHR(waist-hip ratio), BMI(body mass index) between before and after the abdominal breath and slow walking, but BMR(basal metabolic rate) has a significant difference(p＜.05). In the change of HR(heart rate) and blood pressure, HR, DBP(diastolic blood pressure) has no significant difference but SBP(systolic blood pressure) has a significant difference(p＜.05). Whereas in the change of blood lipid, these exercise cause reduction of glucose but it hasn`t significant differences but triglyceride in slow walking group, total cholesterol and LDL-C have significant differences (p＜.05). The 12weeks abdominal breath and slow walking of old people affect BMR of Body composition change. The abdominal breath reduce blood pressure and the slow waking reduce triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol(increased HDL-C) in the blood lipid. In conclusion, slow walking is more effective to reducing blood pressure (SBP & DBP) than Abdominal breath. This is mainly caused by reduced percent fat, BMI and cholesterol than the other factors.

Key Words

abdominal breathing, slow walking, blood pressure, HR, LBM, WHR, BMI, BMR, serum lipid

김성수SungSooKim , 이강우KangWooLee , 배종진JongJinBae

DOI:

Abstract

To give exercise-prescription-expert any client`s informations more specific, this development of computer software for exercise program based on Prescription object pascal language(delphi 7.0 version in borland company) followed as: 1. Before taking part in exercise, this program classified as person with any well-being matter. 2. It was possible that this program checked in a client` life style, and evaluated. 3. This program gave objective fitness or body composition to clients. 4. This program was able to practice Graded Exercise Test(GXT) in various ways. 5. This program was to evalute muscle-fitness. 6. It was possible that this program was able to observe the change of fitness and physique in lasting. 7. It was possible that this program was able to draw up the body fat and muscle-fitness related in exercise prescription in both object and subject. 8. Program suggestions was given. 9. To save and search for source, this program was possible for all informations of clients to do the data-base. Above all, this software gave exercise-prescription-expert a specific, actual example, and was able to help a reasonal exercise prescription in all social physical site. Therefore, it would improve the special knowledge of physiatrist and other exercise professionals.

Key Words

exercise prescription, computer software, sports information processing technology

김수봉SooBongKim

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of exercise on body composition and femoral bone density in middle- aged women participated regularly in swimming and health exercise, and to present the basic scientific information for preventing osteoporosis and promoting health improvement. The subjects recruited for this study were 29 middle-aged women composed of 15 swimmers and 14 health exercisers who participated in regular exercise more than three years, and 14 non-exercisers. The subjects were measured in some variables influencing body compositions and femoral bone density by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA). The statistical methods utilized in this study were t-test, F-test, ANOVA and Duncan test. was used post-hoc analysis. The .05 level was in itially established in significance. The findings of this study were as follows; 1. In the characteristics of body compositions, health group was significantly lower than non-exercise group in body weight, total body fat, %fat and body mass index and lower than swimming group in BMI, but not significantly different among three groups in lean body mass. 2. In the femoral bone density, swimming and health groups were significantly higher at fomur neck and Ward`s triangle in the dominant fomur than non-dominant fomur, but not significantly different in nan-exercise group, and not different at all regions in non-exercise group between dominant and non- dominant fomurs. Bone mineral density at femoral neck of dominant limb in health group was higher than non-exercise group, BMD at lesser trochanter of dominant limb in swimming and health groups was higher than non-exercise group, but not significantly different among three group at lesser trochanter and Ward`s triangle.

Key Words

aerobic exercise, body composition, bone density, dominant, non-dominant

김용규YongKyuKim , 김자영JaYoungKim , 이채산ChaeSanLee

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was investigate the effect of short-term Vitamin C, E supplementation %HRmax60~70 intensity exercise on the maximal exercise capacity and anti-oxidant related gene expression RT-PCR analysis in recovery period after maximal exercise. 10 male students in the sport leisure division of W univercity were selected as subjects. The subjects were divided into the two groups : experiment group (5) and control group (5). The experiment group had taken vitamin C, E and participate regularly %HRmax60~70 intensity exercise 6 weeks and control group had taken placebo and participated regularly %HRmax60~70 intensity exercise for 6 weeks. The experiment group were taken Vitamin C tablet with 1000 ㎎/day and Vitamin E tablet with 671.14㎎/day right after lunch. The result of the this study were as follow ; experiment group showed the significantly greater increase in the maximal exercise capacity after 6 week vitamin uptake and %HRmax60~70 intensity exercise. But control group was not showed any significantly increase during whole duration of experiment, in RT-PCR analysis, experiment group showed obviously much more increase of mRNA levels of anti-oxidant-related genes such as GPx-1, GSH-S, SOD-1 and CAT than those of control group. There was no interaction between group and treatment period on SOD. There was no significant difference in CAT of each group and treatment period.

Key Words

%HRmax60-70, vitamine C, E supplement, GPx-1, GSH-S, SOD-1, CAT

김준동JunDongKim

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the changes of femoral muscles mass in it`s three different levels(upper, middle and lower) and the psoas major muscle` mass with aging. The subjects were 71 males at the age ranging from 18 to 83, who were grouped into 8 age brackets of 18-29, 30-39, 4049, 50-59, 60-64, 65-69, 70-74, and 74 or older. Using MRI(magnetic resonance imaging), muscle cross-sectional area(CSA) was measured on psoas major and thigh muscle(divided into extensor and flexor). The extensor group(70%, 50%) showed a statistically significant decrease in value from the 30`s age group when compared with the 18-29 age bracket(70%; p＜0.01, 50%; p＜0.05); however, the 50`s age group already indicated a decrease to 30%(p＜0.01). In contrast, the CSA of the psoas major showed a significant lower value from 40`s age group(p＜0.05). In conclusion, the present study shows that the decrease in the psoas major and the femoral muscles` mass with aging decreases at the same rate with no observed difference in any of the three different levels. In addition, the importance of training methods has been indicated such as mobilization of all the femoral muscles, to prevent the aging muscular mass decrease.

Key Words

aging, MRI, m. psoas major, thigh muscle, muscle cross-sectional area

박익렬IkRyeulPark

DOI:

Abstract

The primary purpose of this study is to investigate how 12-weeks complex exercise program with diet regulation affects and changes % body fat, growth hormone and IGF-I in obese girls of middle school. The subjects of this study are seventeen obese girls, they are divided into two groups. One is exercise group which included eight obese girls and the other is control group which included nine obese girls. The complex exercise program`s intensity is 70% of HRmax. The exercise is conducted three times a week through 12 weeks in the exercise group. It included aerobic exercise, jogging, fast walking, step walking, and resistance exercise which contained upper limb and abdominal strength exercise by YMCA. The diet regulation and education on nutrition are conducted in the exercise group once a week with complex exercise program. The followings are conclusions of this study; First, The Body weight and % Body fat between experimental group and control group showed significant difference(p＜.01). Second, In the aspect of changes of Growth hormone and IGF-I secretion, the exercise group showed significant increase(p＜.01), while the control group revealed little change. In conclusion, the complex exercise program with diet regulation conducted on obese girls in middle school is turned out to be effective for decreasing body fat and increasing growth hormone and IGF-I secretion Moreover, complex exercise program is considered as a good method to provoke diet motivation in obese girls they have higher mental exhaustion and experienced less frequent physical training.

Key Words

obese girls, growth hormone, IGF-1, complex exercise program

변재철JaeChulByun

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to verify the effects of inflammatory markers and enhancement of systemic fibrinolytic activity after the maximal graded exercise. These inflammatory markers and fibrinolytic factor (tissue-type plasminogen activator; t-PA) are activated during exercise, as well as activation markers were determined at rest, immediate after maximal exercise and subsequent recovery period. None of them has any illness and use of any medication during the experiment. Twenty-eight healthy male are participated. They are three groups (Ssirum athletes; n=10; Major of physical education, n=8; General students, n=10, respectively), aged between 20-27 years. The present study showed that HDL-cholesterol level in Ssirum athletes was higher than the other groups, and LDL-cholesterol level in general student group was higher than Ssirum athletes. There were significants differences on count of WBC and plasma Fibrinogen levels between each groups. Moreover, it`s may increased risk of cardiovascular disease in inactive men. Enhanced increases in tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) antigen immediately after maximal exercise and 2 hour of recovery were observed in all groups but there were no significant differences between each groups.

Key Words

Acute exercise, Maximal exercise, Inflammatory marker, Fibrinolytic activity, tissue-type plasminogen activator antigen (t-PA)

선우섭OoSubSun , 황경식KyungSheekHwang

DOI:

Abstract

This study was investigated to demonstrate the efficient hypobaric & hypoxic training type. After the long-term training period, oxygen uptake during the submaximal and maximal treadmill incremental exercise, oxygen transport ability of the blood, and effects on game record among groups were compared and analyzed. 23 male and female high school elite runners were divided into two experimental groups and one control group according to training types. That was, 1) living high training high(H.H) group(n=8) which were training at 2,000m and sleeping at 3,000m. 2) living high training sea level(HS) group(n=8) which were training at sea level and sleeping at 3,000m 3) living and training sea level(S.S) group(n=7) which were training and sleeping at sea level, control group. After 5~6 weeks training(70% maximal oxygen uptake(VO2max) four times/wk) and sleeping(8hr/day), oxygen uptake(by treadmill graded submaximal and maximal exercise test), oxygen transporting capacity and effects on time records were investigated. Results were as follows. 1. There was no significant difference on body composition according to training types or test time. 2. During graded submaximal exercise tests, heart rate and blood lactate concentration was significantly low but there was no significant difference according to training types or test time. During graded submaximal exercise tests, maximal oxygen uptake was high but there was no significant difference according to training types or test time. 3. There was no significant difference on red blood cell(RBC), hematocrit(Hct), hemoglobin(Hb) concentration according to training period increase or training types or test time. In the incipient stage, erythropoietin(EPO) was significantly increased, but 2,3-diphosphoglycerate(DPG) was significantly decreased. In the last stage, EPO was changed a little, but 2,3-DPG was significantly increased. 4. In hypobaric hvpoxic environment, heart rate was decrease as time goes by. Especially during sleeping, there was significantly decrease after 3 weeks. 5. Ten-kilometer time were improved in H.H group and S.S group and there was a significant difference according to covariates. As a result, active hypobaric hypoxic acclimation is not more efficient than passive acclimation to aerobic performance.

Key Words

hypobaric, hypoxic, erythropoietin, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, lactate dehydrogenase, interleukin

신군수GoonSooShin , 최동철DongCheolChoi

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this research is that we analyze the changes of body composition and bone mineral density of overweight middle school boys after rope-skipping, examine the impact of regular exercise on the metabolism of bone mineral density, and offer the basis data for overweight middle school boys to do their exercise right, to promote their health, and to prevent osteoporosis. The research method: We made the overweight middle school boys in B metropolitancity skip rope for 8 weeks and measure the body composition and bone mineral density. The results are as follows. 1. The numerical value of the body fat has decreased from 31.09 % to 29.50 %. This is so meaningful in statistics. 2. The numerical value of body fat has decreased from 23.98 ㎏ to 21.67 ㎏. There is 231 ㎏ difference. This value is meaningful in statistics. 3. The numerical value of muscle has increased from 50.19 ㎏ to 51.50 ㎏. There is 1.31㎏ difference. This value is meaningful in statistics. 4. The numerical value of body fluids has decreased from 36.68 ℓ to 36.20ℓ There is 0.4ℓ difference which is not meaningful. 5. The bone mineral density of the lambar spine L2~L4 has increased from 1.152g/㎠ to 1.160/ g㎠. There is 0.008 g/cur difference which is not meaningful. 6. The femoral bone mineral density has increased from 1.125 g/㎠ to 1.154 g/㎠. There is 0.293 g/㎠ which is meaningful in statistics.

Key Words

body composition, bone mineral density

신윤정YoonJungShin , 오윤선YoonSeunOh , 김기진KiJinKim

DOI:

Abstract

This study investigated the changes of blood metabolites, hormone, and cytokines concentration between before and after dancesports program of 10 weeks, and the effects of acute dancesports on these changes. This investigation can be used to suggest the theoretical basis for effective prevention and administration of obesity with dancesports. Subjects were consisted of 20-aged female students(n=12), and were divided to obese(n=6) and normal weight group(n=6). For the analysis of metabolic response, blood metabolites(glucose, FFA), hormone(insulin, cortisol, growth hormone), and cytokines(leptin, TNF-α, IL-6) were measured in venous blood sample. Blood concentration of glucose, and FFA were no significant differnce after 10 weeks dancesports program, so hypothesis related to these variables ccould not accepted. Obese group showed a lower insulin sensitivity than normal weight group, because obese group showed a higher resting and fasting values of blood insulin concentration And obese group showed an improvement of insulin sensitivity after 10 weeks dancesports program, as resting and fasting values of blood insulin concentration were decreased. Critical results on the changes of blood concentration of hormone and cytokines except blood insulin concentration could not be suggested. The relationship among the change of body fat, blood insulin and leptin concentration after 10 weeks dancesports program could be accepted, but it could not be found the relationship among the changes of other variables. In these results, dancesports program could be suggested the effective exercise program for obesity treatment, but the additional detail analysis on the change of blood cytokines and metabolite was demanded for the development of obesity treatment method with dancesports.

Key Words

danceports, obesity, insulin, leptin

엄우섭WooSeobEom , 서한교HanKyoSeo , 김경래KyeongLaeKim , 이동기DongGiLee , 박익렬IkRyeulPark , 박성태SungTaePark , 김은경EunKyungKim , 강현주HyunJooKang , 강서정SuhJungKang

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 12weeks of aerobic training with different exercise intensity on blood lymphocyte number. Healthy college-aged males(22.53±1.91yr) were participated in the maximal exercise test before(N=32) and after(N=30) 12weeks of aerobic training. The subjects were divided into two groups; control groups(N=8), training group(N=24). Then training group was divided into three subgroups; 50%HRR(low, N=8), 70%HRR(middle, N=8), 85%HRR(high, N=8). Two persons were eliminated during the training. To investigate the effect of aerobic training on blood lymphocyte number were measured at rest, immediately after exercise and 60min recovery. Maximal exercise testing was used the Bruce protocol on the treadmill. VO_(2max) were measured by maximal exercise testing, exercise intensity was determined for aerobic training treatment a basis of this measured values. speed and grade at 50%, 70%, 85%VO_(2max) and 50%, 70%, 85% of %HRR gained pre test were produced and applied. The programs of exercise groups were aerobic treadmill exercise for 12weeks. Three groups performed almost 40min, 30min, 20min per day(3days/week) by 300㎉ respectively. Venous blood were drawn at the forearm antecubital vein at rest, immediately after exercise and 60min recovery. First, there was no significant differences of T-cell among four groups in number, but there was significant differences before and after training and sampling time in number(P＜.01, .001). Second, there was no significant differences of B-cell among four groups in number, but there was significant differences before and after training and sampling time in and number(P＜.01, .001). Also, there was no interaction effects. Third, there was no significant differences of NK-cell among four groups in number, but there was only significant differences before and after training in number(P＜.01). there was significant differences of sampling time in number(P＜.001). There was no interaction effects before and after training and sampling time in number. Forth, there was no significant differences of Th(CD4+)/Ts(CD8+) ratio among four groups, but there was significant differences before and after training and sampling time(P＜.01, .001). Also, there was significant differences interaction effects among groups, before and after training, and sampling time(P＜.05). Results indicate that the exercise-induced lymphocyte subset reduction is transient and suggest that it is not dependent upon training intensity in the case of college-aged male, but aerobic training of various intensity is associated with sustained alterations in immune function, both at rest and when exercising.

Key Words

Lymphocyte, T-cell, B-cell, NK-cell, Thelper(CD4+)/Tsuppressor(CD8+)ratio

정동춘DongChunChung

DOI:

Abstract

During graded exercise test for checking coronary artery disease, we see frequently ventricular premature contraction(PVC) from EKG about 30-40% of apparently healthy people. But if PVC is a risk factor of lethal disease as like cardiomyopathy, we should be considered more seriously. The purpose of this study is to identify the characteristics of autonomic responses for stress between normal(n=30, 45.70±11.54yrs) and PVC group(n=30, 46.53±10.19yrs). Data taken from physical fitness test(grip strength, sit-up, push-up, sit-and-reach, Sargent jump, sidestep, %fat, FVC, FEV1), stress test(regulation, activity, reactivity), graded exercise test(maximal oxygen consumption, rate pressure product) were processed by statistic package SPSS 10.0. For physical fitness, there was not found significant differences in all parameters between normal and PVC group. But antonomic activity responses for chest and abdominal of PVC group was signicantly lower than normal group(p＜.05), conversely the rate pressure product of PVC group was significantly higher than normal group in graded exercise test(p＜.05). Conclusionally this study shows that lower autonomic activity manifested by PVC group provides impulses to accelerate sympathetically nervous system-heart connection to maximize their perfomance in spite of physiological fatigue, then heart will be captured in overworking or overtraining and at last developed to be lethal disease such as dilated or hypertrophical cardiomyopathy. From now PVC should be considered a more serious arrhythmia pathologically, not physiologically.

Key Words

stress, ventricular premature contraction, rate pressure product, autonomic nervous system

조형택YoungTaekJo , 유근직KeunJikYoo , 곽창수ChangSooKwak , 정갑철GakChulChung

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of ice-soccer exercises conducted in winter season Subjects employed for this study were 14 persons for ice-soccer group as experimental group and 8 persons for jogging group as control group. Each group was trained for 6 weeks according to each training program, and cardio-respiratory responses, basic physical fitness and isokinetic muscle strength were measured and analyzed at pre and post experiment. The results of this study were as follows ; 1) It was showed that exerted exercise time, heart rate, VO2max, VECO2max did not make statistically significant difference between group, but slightly increased after 6 week training. Basic physical fitness variables showed a little increment, especially agility, flexibility, power(p＜ .05). 2) Peak torque and total work of both groups increased in the condition of 60°/sec and 180˚/sec angular velocity in flexor, but decreased in the same condition of extensor. The difference between pre & post and two subject groups was not significant. Ice soccer group was the same or higher than jogging group in basic physical fitness, though it was not statistically significant. As a result of this experiment, ice soccer has the same exercise effect likewise jogging popular with the exercise effect. However, further research should be done with the subject on the safety for ice soccer and approximate exercise intensity of sex and age.

Key Words

ice-soccer, cardio-respiratory responses, isokinetic muscle strength, physical fitness

천우광WooKwangCheon , 김기진KiJinKim

DOI:

Abstract

Taekwondo players perform at the lowest weight class possible in order to gain a competitive advantage. The major technique of rapid weight loss was using a combination of the dehydration, fasting, and increased exercise in taekwondo players. This study examined the changes of blood electrolytes after rapid weight loss of about 5% through dehydration and caloric restriction of 3 days. Subjects were 24 college-aged male taekwondo players, and divided to three groups as the heavy-weight(n=6 : HW), light-weight(N=6 : LW) and control(n=6 : CD. HW and LW group performed the rapid weight loss program of 3 days through sauna (30min/day) and caloric restriction (18㎉ /㎏/day). LW group showed a decrease tendency of total work output and mean power output in 3 min 3 bouts exercise after rapid weight loss and refeeding diet. Blood K+ concentration significantly (P＜.05) decreased after rapid weight loss in LW group. From these results, the rapid weight loss through dehydration and caloric restriction of 3 days showed no significant change in body composition, but reduced a preferential reduction suggested the imbalance of blood electrolytes after rapid weight loss.

Key Words

electrolytes, lactate, heat late, exercise capacity

함인엽InYupHam , 유승희SeungHeeYoo , 이만균ManGyoonLee

DOI:

Abstract

This study was designed to compare body composition, physical fitness, and pulmonary function between Taichichuan trained men and untrained men. Nine Taichichuan trained men and nine untrained men were volunteered to participate in the present study as subjects. They were allocated to the hydrostatic weight(CAS) to obtain the body composition data. Then, Physical fitness tests were performed utilizing grip strength test, push-up, sit-up, sit-and-reach, sargent jump, sidestep, and one leg balance with eyes close. Subjects participated in the maximal graded exercise test to measure VO₂max. Lastly, variables regarding to pulmonary function such as VC, FEV_(1.0), and MVV were measured. The data obtained in the present study was analyzed by SPSS PC^+ for window(version 11.0). The difference in the mean of each variable between the two groups was analyzed using the independent t-test and the significance level for all analysis was set at 0.05. The results of the present study were as follows: 1) There was no significant difference in anthropometric data between two groups. 2) In comparing of body composition, there was no statistical significance between Taichichuan trained group and untrained group. 3) Taichichuan trained group showed statistically higher fitness level in muscular endurance, flexibility, balance, agility, and power except muscle strength compared to the untrained group. 4) Taichichuan trained group showed statistically higher VO₂max and lower HRrest compared to the untrained group. 5) There was no significant difference in RV, VC, FEV_(1.0), and MW between the two groups. It was concluded that Taichichuan training may not have an effect on anthropometric characteristics, body composition, and pulmonary function; however, physical fitness, especially cardiorespiratory endurance, could be enhanced due to the long-term period of Taichichuan training. The future study examining the effects of Taichichuan training with further care would be warranted.

Key Words

Taichichuan, exercise training, percent body fat, physical fitness, pulmonary function

김종규JongKyuKim , 김도준DoJunKim , 송재헌JaeHeonSong , 박재우JaeWooPark , 천윤석YunSuckChun , 강성기SeoungKiKang

DOI:

Abstract

The aims of this study were to investigate the use of nutritional supplements(vitamins, mineral, ginseng, red ginseng, amino adds, creatine and oriental medicine) in Korea international judo team of energy supplements and doping consciousness why athletes are using nutritional supplements, and who recommends the judo athletes to use nutritional supplements. The total population of Korea international judo team(n=22, 13 males and females aged 20-26 years) selected controls from the general population, were given questionnaire including questions about use of nutritional supplements, and from whom athletes had received information about nutritions and recommendations to use nutritional supplements. The response rate was 80% for male and female athletes. Best male and female athletes(A: 100%) is higher than middle athletes(B: 81.8%) and worst athletes(C 66.7%). Therefore, athletes as compared to used vitamins(A 28%, B: 26.9%, C: 25.0%), mineral(A 4.0%, B: 7.7%, C 4.2%), ginseng(A: 4.0%, B: 3.8%, C 4.2%), red ginseng(A: 120%, B: 11.5%, C 4.2%) amino acids(A: 16.0%, B: 15.4%, C 20.8%), creatine(A: 8.0%, B: 11.5%, C 125%) and oriental medicine(A: 28.0%, B: 23.1%, C 29.2%). The parents was the main advisor for use of nutritional supplements athletes(50.0%). male and female athletes(68.8%) using nutritional supplements felt they weren`t well informed about nutritional supplements. Therefore, 20% of the nutritional supplements users did not know whether the nutritional supplements they used was doping classified not. In conclusion: we found that 80% for male and female Judo athletes in Korea national team intakenutritional supplements. The parents was the main advisor in Korea national Judo team. The most athletes is Korea national Judo team weren`t well informed about doping.

Key Words

Nutrition Supplements, Doping, Judo National Team

양윤권YoonKwonYang , 이상훈SangHunLee

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examines the effect of endurance exercise capacity on Octacosanol administration for short-term. The subjects of this study were 8 normal healthy males and all subjects were involved in each test. The Octacosanol(40㎎, 10㎎ × 4/day) was administration for 7 days and parameters related to the cadiorespiratory function were measured through incremental exercise testing to all-out before and after each treatment. Incremental maximal exercise tests were performed by each subject on a Taeha(korea) treadmill. V02max and VE, RQ RR, O2pulse, AT, HR was measured on the tests breathed through breathing valves using bruce protocol of MetaMax 3B(Metasoft 2, USA). VO2max(p＜.05) and all-out time(=exercise time)(p＜.01), O2pulse(p＜.01), AT(p＜.01) were significantly increased by administration of Octacosanol for shoret-term. RQmax(p＜.05)was significantly decreased by administration of Octacosanol for short-term The results were as follows : 1. The administration of Octacosanol for short-term(7days) was significantly increased the cardiorespiratory endurance. 2. The administration of Octacosanol for short-term(7days) was significantly increased the endurance exercise capacity 3. The administration of Octacosanol for short-terms(7days) was significantly decreased the fatigue factor duration exercise. In conclusion, Octacosanol availability before exercise may have greater effects of ergogenic aids than don`t ingestion.

Key Words

Octacosanol, Endurance Exercise Capacity, Ergogenic Aids, AT

류재균JaeKyunRyu , 이진택JinTaekLee , 김태삼TaeSamKim

DOI:

Abstract

This study investigated the kinematic factors of the last approach strides and take off motion for the purpose of improving jumping skill. The subjects chosen for the study were four elite male athletes who were participated in the 14th Asian Games. Three high speed video cameras set in 60frames/s were used for recording from the last approach strides to maximum high position. After digitizing motion, the Direct Linear Transformation(DLT) technique was employed to obtain 3-D position coordinates. The kinematic factors of time, distance, velocity and angle variables were calculated. The following conclusions were drawn; 1. All subjects appeared to have intentionally low COG from the last approach strides to the landing. In the stride length during the approach phase, the subject C and D showed a shortly stride type. On the contrary, the subject A and B showed a long stride type. 2. The horizontal velocity of all subjects during the approach phase showed a deceleration, but the lateral velocity showed a fast increase by contraries. Especially For the improving performance, all subjects appeared to have quickly transverse the horizontal velocity to the vertical velocity during the takeoff phase. 3. For increase the vertical force at the takeoff phase, all subjects showed the knee joint position of the lead leg to do higher than COG position. But the hip and knee joint of takeoff leg at the takeoff phase should keep as straight as possible. Specially, for the improving performance, it appeared that all subjects should keep a straight as possible the backward lean angle at the takeoff event

Key Words

APPROACH, TAKEOFF, COG

은선덕SeonDeokEun , 이기광KiKwangLee

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the stair heights on the gait pattern in stair-ascent activity of elderly persons. Data were collected by 3-D cinematography and EMG. Eight male elderly persons were participated in this experiment. All subjects performed a stair-ascent in four different heights of stairs (10, 14, 18, 22cm) having 5 steps each. The changes of lower extremity angles and IEMG were analyzed during stance phase. The results on the stair-ascent activity of elderly persons were as follows: First, it was observed that the maximum extension angle of ankle joint increased significantly at stair C (18cm). In case of `pull-up` phase, however, extension angle decreased evidently at stair C Second, the maximum extension of knee joint occurred around the 65% of stance phase for stair A (10cm) and stair B (14cm), while it occurred in the `forward continuance` phase over 80% of stance phase for stair C and stair D(22cm). Third, as for IEMG, there was no significant change caused by stair height, at the stair C, however, the EMG activity of biceps femoris was very high. The IEMG of Soleus at stair B was greater than that at stair A.

Key Words

stair-ascent activity, stair height, IEMG

김원기WonKiKim

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to analyze the difference in body composition of high school Taekwondo athletes according to the performance level. In order to accomplish this purpose, subjects were 52 male(elite 26 and non-elite 26) and 44 female(elite 22 and non-elite 22) athletes. For research on body composition, the Bioelectric Impedance Analysis is used to measure percent body fat, fat mass, fat free mass, total body water, basal metabolic rate and protein mass. The data was analyzed by descriptive statistics and t-test. The results of this study were as follow; First, there was a difference in body composition of male athletes according to the performance level; that is, percent body fat and fat mass was significantly lower(p＜.05), and fat free mass, total body water and protein mass was significantly higher(p＜.05) on elite athletes than non-elite athletes. Second, there was a difference in body composition of female athletes according to the performance level; that is, percent body fat was significantly lower(p＜.05), and fat free mass, total body water and protein mass was significantly higher(p＜.05) on elite athletes than non-elite athletes.

Key Words

body composition, percent body fat, fat mass, tat fat tree mass, total body water, basal metabolic rate, protein mass

엄한주HanJooEom , 강성기SeoungKiKang

DOI:

Abstract

This study investigates the reliability and validity of blood lipid analyzers. Four blood analyzers, two different types (DT 60, Hitachi 7600-110,) with 2 instruments for each type, were used to compute the values of TC, HDL-C, and TG. Also, Lactic acid concentrations were repeatedly obtained by two instruments (DT 60 and Cobas integra, each type having 2 instruments). In all analyses, the same blood samples from each of 6 subjects were used to examine the repeatability and reproducibility of the values measured by all instruments. Data were analyzed to compute coefficient of variations (CV), variance components, correlations and various descriptive statistics with SPSS 11.0. HDL-C and TC values obtained by the same type of analyser for the 3 repeated samples from the same person under each condition were highly consistent, the CV for each being within 5%. However, when the values obtained from two different types of the analyzers were combined, the CV increased up to 12.3% for HDL-C and 21.7 ~ 24.5% for TC, indicating very low reproducibility of the analyzers. The correlations between the values of each measured variables with the same type of analyzers were very high, reaching above .97, but those values obtained by different types of analyzers were considerably lower. The analyses of variance component also revealed that the main source of error variances were mostly due to the difference in the types of analyzer. Thus, these results suggest that the different types of analyzers do not produce the same results although the 2 types are designed and manufactured to have the same function in analyzing blood lipid. For the TG and Lactic acid variables, the results indicated that there was insufficient evidence of both repeatability and reproducibility of the analyzers as the values obtained repeatedly from the same type of analyzers as well as those obtained from different types of analyzers were inconsistent. In general, the blood analyzers for TC and HDL-C were reliable, but not valid. However, the values of TG and Lactic acid were neither reliable nor valid as the values were varied considerably both within the same type and between the different types of analyzers. HDL-C and TC concentration is within coefficient of variation(CV) 5%. A similar Hitachi 7600-110 and DT 60 blood analyzer whole mean concentration of participants lower. However, defined as the calculated HDL-C (CV:12.8-16.36%), TC (CV: 21.68-24.47%), TC concentration should alter with change the analyzer to estimating blood range. Both HDL-C and TC concentration is above correlate .94 respectively. Therefor, to analyse HDL-C and TC, we found high mean different. Variance component estimation of HDL-C and TC are HDL-C(33.88%), TC(11.65%) which is different participant and another variance component estimation is different blood analyzer(HDL-C 6205%, TC 86.11%). To analyse TG and Lactic acid, we found estimation values of blood analyzer. Variance component estimation of TG and Lactic acid are TG(627%), Lactic add(87.9%) of different blood analyzer.

Key Words

Generalizability theory, Coefficient of Variation, HDL-C, TG, TC, Lactic acid, DT 60, Hitachi 7600-110, Cobas integra

김수잔SuSanKim , 박영준YoungJoonPark

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between sport centers` PR activities and member satisfaction. In order to achieve this objective, 250 members were cluster sampled by first selecting 5 sport centers in the Seoul and Kyonggj area in 2003 and then by selecting members who were at least 20 years old at the time of visit. Data from 16 persons, however, were excluded from analysis because they were incompletely or incorrectly given The instrument for data collection was a questionnaire, consisting of one Likert type question on member satisfaction and a total of 20 Likert type questions on the level of sport centers` PR activities, which were previously identified by interviewing 5 sport center managers. The validity of the PR activity items was subjectively evaluated by pertinent managers and members, a sport marketing scholar and a research methodologist, and factor analysis of the items yielded four PR factors(Customer-based PR, Education-based PR, Information-based PR, Community-based PR). Since Cronbach`s a values for the 4 factors ranged from .75 to .84, the scales were judged to be fairly reliable, and descriptive analyses and standard multiple regression analyses were conducted using the SPSS statistical package program (version 10). As a result, all four PR factors were found to statistically and significantly influence member satisfaction, but the influence was found to be relatively small.

Key Words

Public Relations, PR, sport center, customer satisfaction

김용만YongManKim

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship among attribute of professional football team, team identification, and team loyalty. The subjects were home spectators for four teams, which were participated in "2002 Samsung PAVV K-league." Out of the 520 samples, the questionnaire that did not mark more than three items dropped out so total of 501 questionnaires are used for this study. With this samples, frequency analysis, simple regression analysis, and multiple regression analysis were made using SPSSW1N Ver 10.0. The results are as follows. First, team identification is affected only by licensing/merchandising, team performance rate, and team image out of attributes of professional football team Second, attitudinal loyalty is affected only by service, licensing/merchandising, facility, and team image out of attributes of professional football team Third, behavioral loyalty is affected only by licensing/merchandising and team image out of attributes of professional football team Fourth, team identification affects attitudinal loyalty and behavioral loyalty.

Key Words

attribute of professional football, team identification, team loyalty

김용만YongManKim , 이승철SeungChulLee , 이준원JunWonLee

DOI:

Abstract

The internet community has received a substantial interest recently. Despite little attention has focused so far on identifying and measuring the determinants of success for internet community. In their review of previous studies, internet community have been concentrated on the result-oriented research and process-oriented research. Result-oriented researches are focused on the straight relationship between online community itself and result variables such as customer loyalty, process-oriented researches are focused on the role of mediating variables like sense of community or identification The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship among community characteristics and community commitment and performance in internet ski community. Subjects(n=202) were collected members at internet ski community(www. skill4.com). We estimated the hypothesized structural equation model using Amos 4.0. These results suggest that social needs of member showed positive effect on community commitment, but economical needs and interaction through internet ski community not effects on community commitment. Also, community commitment have relationships with the intention to remain in the future community and intention to make transactions on the community. The results of this research offer important implications for the development and maintenance of internet ski communities. In particular, the results of the study demonstrated that ski community as business do their best to meet needs of community members in order to build up relationship and gain sustainable competitive advantage.

Key Words

internet ski community, community characteristic, community commitment, performance

김종환ChongHwanKim

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was that we made an estimate of the abilities of brand exposure and brand value of sponsor in TV through analyzing the brand exposure of "Samsung stock" and "Samsung Hauzen in mess media which were title sponsors of Pro-baseball and Pro-football in KBS1-TV sports news at 9. And we offered some materials as the basis of picking up sponsor and sponsor group. To accomplish our purpose, we analyzed reporting on Pro-baseball and Pro-football hold in the name of "Samsung stock 2004" and "Samsung Hauzen K-League 2004" which were broadcasted in KBS1-TV Sports news at 9 from May 1 to May 31 2004. So we measured brand exposure time of sponsor`s title. For the analysis of TV exposure we used TV exposure analysis program(Kim, Chong Hwan, 2004) and monitored the brand of title sponsor during the investigating times. The result was as following; First, as a result of analyzing the brand exposure of "Samsung stock" and "Samsung Hauzen", Pro-baseball team of "Samsung stock" was total 340.8 second, Pro-football team of "Samsung Hauzen" was total 493.1 second. In particular, the importance of A-board advertisement turned to be highest effect of exposure brand on Pro-baseball, Pro-football each 86.3%, 80.8%. Second, as the consequence of survey on the frequency of Pro-baseball, Pro-football on the air, Pro-baseball sent out on the air total 29 times, average 4.1 times per week, Pro-football went on air total 14 times, average 2 times per week. Third, we found out frequency of brand exposure time in Pro-baseball and Pro-football through investigating the A-board, subtitles and advertisement of interview box. According to the results of our analysis on the title sponsor`s frequency of brand exposure time, the brand, "Samsung stock" is exposed totally 173 times that is 24.7 times per day in the Pro-baseball game and the brand exposure of "Samsung Hauzen" was totally 136 times that is 19.4 times per day in the Pro-football game. During these times we also analyzed brand exposure value of sponsor. The result showed that "Samsung stock" could get \142,900,000 exposure value with exposing total 304.8 seconds in KBS1-TV sports news at 9. "Samsung Hauzen" could get \298,l00,000 exposure value with exposing total 493.1 seconds in this same program.

Key Words

media exposure, title sponsor, A-board advertisement, subtitle

이계석KyeSokLee , 허진JinHur

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relations focusing on the satisfaction of golf driving range`s service, repurchase intention and word of mouth intention To achieve the purpose of this study, two hundred and sixty-two customers over the age of nineteen using seven outdoor golf-driving ranges with over 150 yards of width and length located in YongIn City were surveyed. The sampling method used in this study was the convenient sampling method, and the survey tool was the questionnaire. For the validity of the survey tool, the construct validity was secured through the exploratory factor analysis, and for the reliability, the reliability from .764 to .979 was secured through Cronbach` a analysis. The SFSSWIN Ver. 10.0 was used for the data processing. The subjects were analyzed through the frequency analysis, and the multiple regression analysis was used in order to examine the relationship between repurchase intention and word of mouth intention according to the satisfaction of the service. The conclusions of the study on the repurchase intention and word of mouth intention according to the satisfaction of outdoor golf driving ranges` service obtained using the above methods and procedures are as follows. First, in the case of the relationship between the satisfaction of outdoor golf-driving ranges` service and the repurchase intention, it was indicated that the material, human, and system-dimension services had a positive effect on the repurchase intention, while the human services had no positive effect on the repurchase intention Second, in the case of the word of mouth intention about the satisfaction of outdoor golf-ranges` service, it was found that the material and system-dimension services had a positive effect on the word of mouth intention, while two kinds of human services such as leaders` and staff`s had no positive effect on the word of mouth intention.

Key Words

satisfaction of golf driving range’s service, re-purchase intention, word-of-mouth intention

이병관ByungKwanLee , 박찬규ChanKyuPark

DOI:

Abstract

This study was conducted to identify relationship between the career factors and the intention of career withdrawal of the employees in sports facilities, taking their positions into consideration. The necessary data were collected from the employees in sports centers. In the final analysis, 165 data collected from sports leader positions and 152 data from the clerk positions were used. As statistics methods to verify the research issue, t-test, correlation and multiple regression analysis were adopted, and the result is as follows: First, the degree of the career commitment and career satisfaction recognized by the sports center employees differs depending on their positions. In particular, the career commitment and career satisfaction of a sports leader position is greater than those of the clerk position, and there is the difference which is meaningful from the perspective of statistics. Second, The intention of career withdrawal of the sports center employees differs depending on their positions. In particular, the intention of a sports leader position is greater than that of the clerk position, and there is the difference which is meaningful from the perspective of statistics. Third, for those who have a leader position in a sports center, the higher their career commitment is, the smaller their intention of career withdrawal becomes; and for those who have a clerk position, the higher their career commitment and career satisfaction are, the smaller their intention of career withdrawal becomes.

Key Words

career commitment, career satisfaction, career withdrawal intention

이상일SangIlLee , 유현순HyunSoonYu , 하수영SuYoungHa

DOI:

Abstract

This analytic research aims to help the entrepreneur`s understanding on utilizing customer-participating sports events as a marketing tool in elevating their brand recognition through sponsorship of the events by providing the ground data. The study reveals the influence of each participant`s attitudes towards event, brand, involvement, and their brand recognition of certain products by analyzing them. In order to achieve the goal, we selected a group of 684 participants in ADIDAS 3on3-basketball tournament. SPSS (Window Ver.10.0), statistical analysis program was used to reconcile the collected input data comprised of factor analysis, reliability analysis, frequency analysis, one-way ANOVA analysis, analysis of correlation, and analysis of multiple regression. The fallowings are conclusive results First, the participants` attitude towards the events, level of involvement, brand recognition displayed evident differences. Second, the analysis on the attitude towards the events, brand, involvement and brand recognition for each sport showed that the differences were obvious in the attitude towards the event, brand, high level of involvement, low level of involvement, and company recognition during participation period, in the attitude towards high level of involvement for the event participation frequency and in the attitudes towards high level of involvement, low level of involvement, and brand recognition for the length of participating period. Third, the result of analysis on the attitude towards the event, brand, involvement, and brand recognition revealed that there is statistical interrelation among them. In the analysis on the influential effect of attitude towards the events, brand, and involvement revealed that attitude towards brand and involvement were proven to exert influence on the brand recognition, especially high level of involvement being relatively most influential factor.

Key Words

3on3-basketball tournament, Brand Recognition, Sponsorship

이혜승HyeSeungRhee , 조광민KwangMinCho , 진지형JiHyungChin

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to analyse and to compare the characteristics of professional soccer fans and baseball fans which may attract them to revisit the game. The convenience sampling method was used in this study, by obtaining data from the fans who attended Korea Professional soccer and baseball games during the 2002 season, finally analyzed 583 data in total. To analyze materials, the frequency analysis, factor analysis, reliability analysis, independent sample t-test, one-way ANOVA, and multiple regression analysis were used as statistic analysis techniques. First, in regard to the characteristics of the subjects, the type of sex did not show significant difference in both sports, while age showed significant differences in both sports. In soccer, the age was a decisive factor in the; game condition factor. In baseball, age had showed an impact on the spectating promotion while age did show meaningful difference the spectating promotion factor in pro-baseball. Second, occupation had not meaningful difference in soccer, while game condition had an impact on baseball. Spectating promotion of two was affected by income, facility and condition of stadium. Education had an impact on spectating promotion in soccer games while game condition was an influential factor in baseball. Third, in the analysis of spectator`s respective tendencies in both sports, significant factors were condition of stadium and game. However, spectating promotion and cost showed little impact on both sports. Both of them was not affected by the degree of the intention to revisit. In order to find out annual spectating frequency, spectators were divided into 3 different groups: little(l-2), medium(3-9), and large quantity purchasers(over 10). Finally, this analysis showed that facility, environment, game condition, spectating promotion, and cost had meaningful differences soccer, but baseball was only affected by spectating promotion. Fifth, the degree of intention to revisit had meaningful difference in both of pro-soccer and baseball, depending on spectating frequency. In regard to the spectator’s tendencies to revisit the game, the pro-soccer games were affected by facility and condition of stadium and game condition. But the pro-baseball games were only affected by the game condition factor.

Key Words

Pro-soccer spectator’s characteristic, Pro-baseball spectator’s characteristics, revisit

조송현SongHyeonCho , 오연풍YounPoongOh , 이용재YongJaeLee

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to develop a scale of service quality in sport activity classes and to examine its adaptability. To achieve the purpose of this study, both SSQPS developed by K0(2000) and SQSSC developed by Cho & Hong(2002), were compared and analyzed based upon technical quality and functional quality which are Gronroos(1984)` two dimensional service quality constructs. Result of this study are as follows: First, it is proper to compose the scale of service quality with hierarchical and multidimensional scale then single dimensional scale. Second, when measuring the service quality of participant sport, components are variated by the cultural difference and the subjects. Finally, further study are needed in the field of technical quality and functional quality.

Key Words

service quality, technical quality, functional quality, activity class

최청락ChoungRakChoi , 고동우DongWooKo

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of the research is to identify a correlation among trust in the PUMA brand, brand attitude and purchase behavior, in relation to PUMA as the title sponsor of the 1st PUMA MBC ESPN Marathon Inline Skating; and to verify the variables in terms of the level of involvement in the Marathon Inline Skating. The subjects for the research were selected from the participants in the 1st PUMA MBC ESPN Marathon Inline Skating. Using the simple random sampling technique, 292 samples were selected. The data was sorted based on the SPSSWIN Ver. 10.0; a frequency analysis was performed to analyze the characteristics of the subjects; a t-test was carried out to examine the level of involvement; and a regression analysis was run to examine a correlation between the variables. The results of the analyses are summarized as follows. First, there was a statistically significant difference among brand trust in relation to the level of involvement in the Marathon Inline Skating, brand attitude and purchase behavior. Second, a statistically significant influence was found between brand trust and brand attitude, brand trust and purchase behavior, and brand attitude and purchase behavior.

Key Words

brand trust, brand attitude, title sponsoring products

한기훈KiHoonHan , 유원용WonYongRyu , 문승귀SeungKwiMoon

DOI:

Abstract

In modern society, public sports organizations need effective and professional business management systems like a general organization; besides, it is more important than before to manage people`s life and health. Therefore, effective management of public sports organizations lead to keep organic interactions among members, to make the organization more productive and energetic, and to lower turnover intentions. At last, the organization will be stabilized because of these reasons. According to these positive effects, public sports organizations can offer good quality services for people. Consequently, this study shows relations between the members of public sports organizations and turnover intention according to job satisfaction, organizational identification, and organizational commitment. This study is based on various studies related to effective business managements for organizations. Also, this study obtains conclusions from the research of 142 members who belong to a public sprts organization This research has purpose to improve the productivity and offer basic information for effective turnover managements. The following is the conclusion from this research and analysis of various data. There are four differences about job satisfaction, organizational identification, and organizational commitment according to a public sports organizational member`s background. First of all, there are meaningful differences in job satisfaction by age, position, and wages. Second, organizational identification makes meaningful differences by age, academic background, and working experiences. Third, organizational commitment makes meaningful differences by age and position. Fourth, there is a meaning difference about turnover intention according to age. In conclusion, first, job satisfaction of members of public sports organizations have constant relations with organizational identification and commitment. Second, job satisfaction, organizational identification, and organizational commitment have inverse relations with turnover intentions.

Key Words

job satisfaction, organizational identification, organizational commitment, turnover intention

허진영JinYoungHuh , 이재원JaeWonLee

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of watching satisfaction/dissatisfaction attribution of professional soccer spectators on complaint and consumption behavior. Subjects were professional soccer spectators as of July 2004. Four hundreds 4 subjects were recruited from stadiums of Seoul and Gyungin area. Following conclusions has been drew from results after analyzing data based on the hypothesis. 1. There was no difference in watching incentive, satisfaction/dissatisfaction attribution, complaint behavior, and consumption behavior according to individual characteristics(age, gender, marriage, education level, job, level of life, income). 2 Higher watching incentive, stronger attribution, less complaint behavior, and higher consumption behavior were found in soccer exclusive stadium than in general stadium 3. Watching incentive have an effect on satisfaction/dissatisfaction attribution 4. Watching incentive did not influence on complaint behavior but on consumption behavior. 5. Watching satisfaction/dissatisfaction attribution did not influence on complaint behavior but on consumption behavior. Results were discussed in terms of systemic marketing strategy.

Key Words

attribution, complaint behavior, consumption behavior

김혁출HyeokChulKim , 이용식YongSikLee

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study were to investigate the present state and problems of sky sports in Korea through to analysis the state and policy support plan of the sports in advanced nations. To attain the goal of this research select paragliding, hanggliding as the subject. Then using the literature investigation, in-depth interview, survey, and specialist meeting methods as data collection and analysis. The sky sports have several problem as an aspect of the law and system in Korea On the basis of the analysis, we find out some policy plan for the activation of sky sports. In common, sky sports as leisure sports should be make new law for inclusive controling. And also, unification of administrative organ, organization of related group, improve of training system, preparation of safety regulation about facility and equipment, and support of club activity.

Key Words

sky sports, policy plan, paragliding, hanggliding

유지곤JiGonYu , 백진호JinHoBack , 한승백SeungBackHan

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the using patterns and the usage promotion plan of local public stadium. To perform the purpose, 3 local public stadiums were selected as research field by purposeful sampling method and 500 samples of structured questionnaire were obtained by telephone interview. According to the result, using patterns of local public stadium shows that although the rate of spatial efficiency of local public stadium are low, these results are highly dependent on its facilities. And also, on concerning usage promotion plan of local public stadium, the people using public stadium recognize it as multipurpose place which can be utilized as a place of sport participation, concert, and various cultural activities. So in order to improve the usage of local public stadium, this place should serve the role of multipurpose space.

Key Words

Sport Participation, Sport for All, Local public port stadium, Using Patterns

임효택HyoTaegLim , 김철주ChulJuKim

DOI:

Abstract

This study selected total 1000 subjects including 500 baseball spectators and 500 football spectators by stratified cluster random sampling method with pro baseball and pro football spectators in Gwangju, 2003 with a view to trace the influence of pro sports spectators’ decision making factors and psychological variables on their repurchase intention. Research instrument uses total 31 questions including 9 items and 9 questions as demographical variables, 3 items and 10 questions of decision making of spectators’ behaviors as independent variables, 2 items and 7 questions of psychological variables as parameters and 1 item and 5 questions of repurchase intention as dependent variables. The reliability of decisionmaking factors is =.927, that of psychological factors =.933 and that of repurchase intention factor = .886, and it is found that reliability of each question is very high. For data analysis, one-way ANOVA, regressive analysis, correlation analysis and covariance analysis were conducted with SPSS 10.1 and AMDS 5.0. Conclusions obtained by these research procedures are as follows. First, differences between pro sports spectators’ decision making factors, psychological variables and repurchase intention according to demographical characteristics are as follows. First, there were statistically significant differences in decision making factors (quality and entertainment) according to sex and decision making factors (entertainment, fan service) according to age, marriage and income (p＜.001). Second, there were significant correlations between psychological variables and repurchase intention according to pro sports spectators’ decision making factors, and satisfaction with sports as psychological variable (correlation coefficient=.582, p＜.01) and repurchase intention showed the highest correlations. In addition, while the influence of satisfaction with sports in pro baseball (correlation coefficient = .533, p＜.01) and pro football (correlation coefficient = .629, p＜.01) on repurchase intention was great, viewing attitude (correlation coefficient = .442, p＜.01) and quality (correlation coefficient=364, p＜.01) in baseball and quality (correlation coefficient =.412, p＜.01) and viewing attitude (correlation coefficient=.398, p＜.01) in football had a great influence on repurchase intention. Third, sports quality and entertainment according to decision making factors and psychological variables of pro sports spectators had a significant influence on sports spectators’ attitudes, but fan service had not influence on spectators’ attitudes. Of sub-factors of decision making factors, what had the greatest influence on sports spectators` attitude was sports quality (causal effect = .264). Therefore, pro sport spectators visiting stadium accepted viewing itself positively from entertaining side of sports, but sports spectators have negative opinions of fan service and the better sport quality, the more spectators’ attitude of viewing is affirmative, and it is found that marketing strategy satisfying customer`s satisfaction with sports by improving the level of fan service is needed.

Key Words

Decision Making Factors, Sport Quality, Entertainment, fan service, Psychological Variables, Repurchase

장윤창YounChangJang

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to identify the influence of sport attitudes change on the and participation that may be presented whether has level and style of spectators The subject of this study was selected by the stratified cluster random samplign method from the participants in view-sport facilities located in Seoul and Kyoung-Gi area. They were 171 males and 92 females. In case of sports attitudes change system, we used the survey, which is based on Nicholls, Patashnick & Nolan(1985) data, Todd theory, and expert advice. As a result, the alpha coefficient resulted in .74~.83 Self-administering method was employed to collect the data and statistical methods such as analysis of covariance were employed. The result of this study is as follows. First, sport attitudes change is partially different according participation style. Second, sport attitudes change is partially different according participation level.

Key Words

participation style, participation level, spectator sports

노은이EunYeeNoh

DOI:

Abstract

Key Words

Psychological Well-Being, Leisure Participation, Personality, The Sense of Independence

박수정SooJungPark

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the interrelationship among the serious leisure sports experience, leisure attitude and leisure diagnostic battery which is important factor of leisure activity choice by leisure participants. In order to meet this purpose, Serious Leisure Sports Experience(SLSES) developed by 박수정(2004), Leisure Attitude Scale(LAS) developed by Bread & Ragheb(1982), Leisure Diagnostic Battery(LDB) developed by Witt & Ellis(1987) were used to translate and analyze its adaptability in Koreans. A total of 309 sample who were participants in leisure sports( inline skate, golf, swimming) was used for data analysis. The statistic package used in the analysis is measured to make use of the SPSS 11.0 and LISREL 8.3. Results obtained from this study are as follows: First, serious leisure sports experience were 3 sub domain among original four were statistically fit with proposed model Second, leisure attitude scale were 2 sub domain among original three were statistically fit with proposed model. Third, leisure diagnostic battery were 2 sub domain among original four were statistically fit with proposed model. Finally, the relationship between leisure participants` serious leisure sports experience, leisure attitude and leisure diagnostic battery were positive relationship among the each factors.

Key Words

serious leisure, leisure attitude, Leisure Diagnostic Battery, LISREL

이만형ManHyeongLee , 이철원ChulWonLee , 조남기NamKiCho

DOI:

Abstract

This study was to understand the pattern of leisure participation and constraint for house wives. The research informants were recruited by S sport center located in Suwon, Kyunggido and total six house wives who have elementary students learning for swimming in the S sport center. Age ranging was from 36 to 41 and academic status was over the graduation of high school. The data were collected in the several interviews and field observations, and analyzed by the content analysis. The leisure participation was classified in five patterns: 1) reconstruction of leisure; 2) leisure with family; 3) leisure alone; 4) talk with peer mothers; and 5) expecting leisure. As the factors of leisure constraint, six categorization were emerged: 1) insertion situation toward family leisure; 2) role as manager of children; 3) insistent feeling for multiple roles; 4) absence of husband role in family; 5) economic burden; and 6) the psychological matter of the person herself. Based on these results, an adequate leisure education must apply into Korean educational realm, and public leisure program must develop. Sharing role between husband and wife and reconsideration of leisure consciousness also must be accomplished for the promising leisure participation of Korean house wives.

Key Words

House wife, Leisure Participation, Leisure Constraint

최성훈SungHunChoi

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to analysis of distinctive quality of Korean amateur tennis club cup participants. The target club for this study have consisted of 7 informants. The sample was selected by purposeful sampling method. In the process of the study, it was discussed that; extrinsic character and intrinsic character of Korean amateur tennis club cup participants. Extrinsic character of amateur tennis club cup participants were l)become morning or night type human, 2)members one or two amateur tennis club, 3)broken sportsmanship or tennis manner, 4)focused doubles and ranking score, 5)environmentally exclusive, 6)there were many self-businessman or teacher, not career women 7)enabled sports-tour. Intrinsic character amateur tennis club cup participants were l)high accomplishment, 2)high competition, 3)high perseverance and effort 4)high specialization, 5)pursuited self-actualization.

Key Words

amateur tennis club cup participants, ranking specialization, self-actualization

하지연JiYounHa

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship among self-concepts, leisure involvement, and degree of participation in leisure sports of office workers. To achieve the purpose of this study, white color workers who were working in a company located in Seoul, were selected as population of this study. After selecting 10 companies randomly, by asing random cluster sampling method,490 office workers were sampled for this study. A total of 450 subjects were used for employee data analysis. Instruments used in this study were Self-concepts scale, Modified Consumer Involvement Profile, Participation in Leisure Sports Scale. To analyze data, multiple regression and path analysis were conducted. The results of this study as follows; First, there is significant difference between sex on social, general, physical self-concept, and between age on emotinal self concept, and between sex, age, on cognitive, active participation, and between age, income on emotinal participation. There is no difference between income on self concept. The group of more income show positive perceived pleasure. Second, general self concept has most strong effects on perceived pleasure, perceived importance, perceived risk probobality. Social self concept has the most strong effects on perceived self expression. Social self concept has most strong effect on cognitive, active participation. General self concepts has most strong effect on emotinal participation. Perceived importance has most strong effect on cognitive, emotinal, active participation. Third, this result was exposed to the caused relationship among self concepts, involvement and degree of participation in leisure sports..

Key Words

self-concepts, involvement, leisure-sports participation

김광호KwangHoKim

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of participation in sports activities on family stress for mothers of children with disabilities. Using a systematic stratified cluster random sampling method, 1,300 mother of children with disabilities were selected from randomly selected 13 special schools located in Korea’s Seoul and Kyunggi provinces. From our target sample of 524, excluding those who dropped out in the course of research or those whose questionnaires were deemed unreliable, the sample number in actual analysis was 480 mothers of children with disabilities. The questionnaire concerning family stress was developed by McCubbin, Boss, Wilson, & Lester (1979) and consisted of five factors and twenty five items. The reliability of questionnaire was confirmed by Chronbach’s a value to be .9068. Statistical methods employed in this study were ANCOVA and multiple regression analysis. The results of this study were as follows ; first, household income, mother’s occupation, and time spent on housework had significant effects on family stress. Second, the nature of the child’s disability did not have significant effects on family stress. Third, the stress level of families in which the mother was participating in sports activities was lower than those in which the mother was not participating in sports activities. Fourth, the five factors of family stress were lower for families of mothers participating in sports activities than for those of mothers not participating in sports activities. Finally, the duration of participating in sports activities effected family stress but did not effect frequency and intensity. These findings imply that mothers of children with disabilities could be affected by socio-demography(household income, mother`s occupation, and time spent on housework), participating in sports activities, duration of participating in sports activities.

Key Words

Mother of children with disabilities, Participation in sports activities, Family stress

김지태JiTaeKim

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of perceived physical competence(PPC) and actual motor competence(AMC) in children with mild mental retardation(MMR) relative to age and gender. The participants consisted of 112 children from 8 to 11 years of age with MMR who attend special schools for students with MR in Seoul. The Test of Gross Motor Development, Second Edition (TGMD-2; Ulrich, 2000) and the Pictorial Scale for Perceived Physical Competence for Children with Mental Retardation (PSPPCCMR; Ulrich & Collier, 1990) were the instruments used to assess the perceived physical competence and actual motor competence of participant children The statistical tests (Pearson product-moment correlation, MANOVA, and ANOVA) were performed at the .05 alpha level. The results of this study indicated that the relationship between perceived physical competence and actual motor competence in children with MMR was statistically significant. There were significant effects of gender on PPC and AMC, but there were not effects of age and interaction of gender and age. This study suggests that applying Harter`s theory (1978) to children with MMR results in similar findings with regard to the relationship between perceived and actual physical competence. From this study, the data regarding PPC and AMC of children with MMR have implications for adapted physical educators or special education teachers to develop a more effective physical education program or curriculum for instruction in basic motor skills.

Key Words

perceived physical competence, actual motor competence, mild mental retardation

강미선MiSunKang

DOI:

Abstract

It is not doubtful that college life is so important in dance majoring students in view of education, exercise, and performance. The purpose of the present study was to find out the relationship between dance exercising environment and college life adjustment. Dance exercising environment were categorized into 3 factors, that is, personal dance environment, satisfaction to dance exercising process, and satisfaction to dance exercising environment. Also, college life adjustment were into 6 factors, professor/ peer/ learning/ life/ event/ and department adjustment. 548 dance majoring students were selected in 16 universities using multi-stage cluster sampling method from June to July, 2004. Dance exercising environment was measured by the items based on Tinto(1975) and Jeon(1996)□□s scales, and college life adjustment by Kim & Koo(1991)□□s scales. Multiple regression analysis method were used to solve problems of the study. On the basis of the results, the conclusions were drawn as follows ; 1. Dance majoring female students are higher than males in peer/ learning/ department adjustment. There are significant relationships between student□□s age and professor(-)/ peer(-) adjustment, parents□□educational level and peer(+)/ learning(+) adjustment. 2 There are significant relationships between dance career and professor(-)/ department(-) adjustment, prizing record and professor(+) adjustment, and perceived dance ability and peer(+)/ leaming(+)/ event(+)/ and department(+) adjustment. 3. There are significant relationships between satisfaction to exercising climate/ satisfaction to dance skill development and exercising frequency per week(+)/ exercising time per day(+). 4. There are significant relationships between awareness for dance cost/ preference to professor and peer/ participation in extra-curricular activity/ satisfaction to size of dance class/ and satisfaction to exercising flexibility and college life adjustment(+).

Key Words

dance exercising environment, college life adjustment

박중길JungGilPark , 강혜련HyeRyunKang

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of the study was to analyze the contents of psychological measurement used in psychological studies of dances over 28 years(1976-2004) in Korea and to provide measurement issues and future directions for research of dance psychology. The contents of psychological measurement were analyzed, focusing on frequency of measurement, measurement area, measurement item and factor information, and reliability and validity information The results of content analysis of psychological measurement were summarized into five categories: (l)increased use of psychological measurement, (2)use of adapted measurement developed by foreign sport psychologists, (3)necessities of varied measurement subjects, (4)omission of measurement information, and (5)nonuse of reliability and validity test. Thus dance psychologists should develope new, translated, and modified dance-specific psychological measurements with sound academic effort and attitude for the growth of dance psychology.

Key Words

psychological measurements, dance psychology

성창훈ChangHoonSeong , 유현경HyunKyungYu

DOI:

Abstract

This study investigated the subdomains of physical self-perception in art middle and high school students. A total of 180 students answered an open questionnaire regarding their sources of physical self-perception The content of their responses were inductively analyzed through 2 level categorization method. The result was compared according to school levels and different dance majors. Analysis of data resulted in 7 specific dimensions of physical self-perception subdomains: physique, physical strength, movement competence, general physique and somatotype, physical expression, face, and health related fitness. These subdomains of physical self-perception partially not fit into the physical self-perception subdamainss of sport participants. Also, some specific dimensions of physical self-perception subdomains showed a little difference by dance majors and school-based groups.

Key Words

Dance, physical self-perception, inductive content analysis

심창섭ChangSubShim

DOI:

Abstract

This study was designed to physical self-efficiency life satisfaction by participation in living dance lesson in centering on the student of college. specially, this study was to planed repeated research design to examine the effectiveness of a result. For accomplish this purpose of the study the 80 subjects were selected from the participators in Living Dance lesson of K college from March, 2004 to June, 2004. The questionnaires for physical self - efficacy questionnaire developed by Mahoney(1988) and the questionnaires for Life satisfaction had been developed by Diener et al(1988) and standardized in Korean language by Lee(1992). In order to analyze the data, this study used a SPSS/10.0 version for windows program for statistical analysis, using reliability analysis(cronbach’s a value) From the analysis of this study, the following conclusions were obtained : First, the physical self - efficacy of living dance lesson participate before and after are different. Second, the life satisfaction of living dance lesson participate before and after are different. Third, the physical self - efficacy of living dance lesson participate man and female are different. Forth, the life satisfaction of living dance lesson participate man and female are different.

Key Words

life satisfaction, self-efficacy, living dance

안미아MiAAhn

DOI:

Abstract

The Culture makes our life more prosperous as it comes from the sincere human necessity and develops. The Dance changes for our daily experience as it relate very closely to the human being. So the most familiar human culture, dance is said to be a physical history and vivid written history. The human custom of pursuing the harmony and developing each part as it is, sublimated the dance today as a human daily life in many cases. In this respect, the study of primitive human dance is the history of human, especially the history of religious culture. So it is needed to investigate those relation in every point of view. In this article, 1 studied why and how the dance is very closely correlated with the human culture in many respect.

Key Words

Culture, Dance, human being, primitive human dance

조규청KyuChungCho

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to compare the measured values of each group that had different kinds of dance majors(contemporary dancer group〈n=8〉, ballet dancer group〈n=8〉, dancesport group〈n=8〉), supply the dance leader with some data for effective dance movement and provide a basis for elevating effect. The measured values were as follows; Total Bone Density, Trabecular Bone Density, Cortical Bone Density, VO_(2max), the change of Heart Rate & Blood Pressure between resting and exercising. Female university students of dance majors & non-dancer (total subjects=32), aged 23-25yrs, were subjected to activation analysis. Mean and standard deviation(Mean±SD) in measured values of each groups were computed and the result of comparing maximal & minimum values were as follows. In the total bone density, the measured value of dance sports group 398.51±32.64㎎/ccm^(-1) and of ballet dancer was 351.37±33.14㎎/ccm^(-1). In the cortical bone density & trabecular bone density, the measured value of student group majoring in dance sports group was presented to maximal value(566.27±43.ll㎎/ccm"1 & 192.50±21.31㎎/ccm^(-1). In case of VO_(2max), the value of ballet dancer was maximal as 42.34±25.45ml/kg/min.

Key Words

bone density, VO2max, dancer

김태왕TaiWangKim , 양점홍JumHongYang , 정선태SunTaeJeong

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to find out the effect of the functional fitness on combined exercise(walking and resistance exercise) of the older women according to exercise period. To carry out the study 24 older women(average age : 71.6±4.5), who reside in the silver town in the area of B metropolitan city, as the volunteers who agreed with this study, PAR-Q in Screen Test passed and 4 weeks exercise group(n=6), 8 weeks exercise group(n=6), 12 weeks exercise group(n=6) and control group(n=6) selecting by random among people who didn’t take part in any exercise program operated the combined program twice a week. Their are given to exercise, utilizing walking, dumbbell and elastic band with the intensity of RPE 11-15(65~80% of HRmax) and 65~80% of 1RM for 60 minutes a time, twice per week. The results are as follow : As the result of examining the change of functional fitness being for operating period, in sitting and standing work, 8 weeks exercise group more than 4 weeks exercise group and 12 weeks exercise group more than 8 weeks exercise group show a lot of improvement and it shows significant improvement in 8 weeks exercise group and 12 weeks exercise group. In zig-zag work, all exercise groups improve but are no significant difference. In hand work, 4 weeks exercise group and 8 weeks exercise group improve a little, and 12 weeks exercise group is significant improvement. In self-care work, all exercise groups are significant improvement. As mentioned above, the older women` functional fitness through the combine exercise improved and think to be contributed the living to more active and the life of independent good quality, and it gets the effect with the regular exercise over 8 weeks exercise. Accordingly, to have more active life habit taking part in regular exercise program wants to emphasize the main thing in old age again. Also, it thinks to have much more interest for maintaining and improving the coordination or agility of upper limb.

Key Words

The elderly women, regular exercise, combined exercise(walking and resistance exercise), the functional fitness

박장근JangGeunPark , 임란희RanHeeLim

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of the 12 weeks Hatha yoga program on the Women’s Physical Fitness. The research was done to 12 single women who were 24 to 34 years during 12 weeks (total 24 times). Their Physical Fitness was measured before and after the testing . The result of the data analysis are as follows. First, Resting pulse change was not effected by the Hatha yoga program effect. Second, Muscular strength was risen noticeably by the Hatha yoga program effect. Third, Flexibility was risen noticeably by the Hatha yoga program effect. Forth, Balance was risen noticeably by the Hatha yoga program effect. Through this study, it was determined that the Hatha yoga program can be effected to the Women’s Physical Fitness -Muscular strength , Flexibility , Balance. But the effect tend not to be continued through a short time, so it is required to develop new program which can be lasting with pleasure not to be stopped in a short time.

Key Words

hatha yoga, female physical fitness

신희수HeeSooShin

DOI:

Abstract

The main purpose of this dissertation is to discuss and analyze the effect of immune functions on exercise intensity in the elderly women over 70. Dance sport programs were performed one time per week for three weeks with RPE 9~13 intensity corresponding to 45~70%HRmax(low intensity : 45~50%HRmax, middle intensity : 55~60%HRmax, high intensity : 65~70%HRmax). The following conclusion can be obtained by analyzing and comparing the change of immune functions on exercise intensity in the elderly women over 70 years. The conclusion of this dissertation were as follows : Immune Functions Neutrocyte is decrease in 55~60%HRmax and 65~70%HRmax. Lymphocyte is increase in 65~70%HRmax. Monocyte is increase respectively in 55~60%HRmax and 65~70%HRmax. If we judge the result of analyzing immune functions on exercise intensity, immune functions of 65~70%HRmax is better than 45~50%HRmax and 55~60%HRmax, but their concrete and detailed mechanism is not yet explained fully. Therefore, there needs more continuous and profound researches on the immunity function.

Key Words

Immune, Neutrocyte, Lymphocyte, Monocyte

최종환JongHwanChoi , 이규문GyuMoonLee , 김현주HyeonJuKim , 서주원JuWonSeo

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of gender and activity level on physical function, psychological function, & health-related quality of life(HRQL) and the relationship among physical/psychological function, & HRQL All subjects who have experienced physical activities over 1 year(male n=90, age=69.83±3.46; female n=118, age=68.91±3.52) were tested on the physical activity levels(frequency/week), physical functions(strength, flexibility, balance, cardiorespiratory endurance, & BMI), psychological functions(depression, self-efficacy, physical-efficacy, & life-satisfaction), & HRQL For data analysis, two-way ANOVA, Duncan test, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient were used. First, depending on physical activity levels, the elderly showed significant differences on physical/psychological functions, and HRQL: 1) the physical activity levels affected to most of physical functions except for BMI, the male older adults were significantly better than females older adults on upper/lower-body muscular strength, upper/lower-body flexibility, & agility, but not on stability & cardiorespiratory endurance. 2) The physical activity levels significantly influenced on psychological functions(depression, self-efficacy, physical self-efficacy, life-satisfaction). Meanwhile, male older adults were significantly higher than female older adults on psychological functions. 3) The physical activity levels significantly influenced on the HRQL. Meanwhile, male older adults were significantly higher than female older adults on the HRQL. Second, the elderly showed significant relationships among physical/psychological function, & HRQL: 1) the higher older adults had physical functions(muscular strength, agility, & stability), the better they were on psychological functions(physical self-efficiency & life-satisfaction) & HRQL. 2) The higher they had psychological functions(depression, physical self-efficiency, & life-satisfaction), the better they got HRQL. Therefore, this study may imply that physical activities cause to improve physical functions, psychological functions, and then, in turn, quality of life in the elderly.

Key Words

physical function, psychological function, quality of life, The elderly